Integrated Greenhouse Systems for Mild Climates (eBook)

Integrated Greenhouse Systems for Mild Climates 3
Preface 5
Contents 7
Chapter 1: Introduction 11
Chapter 2: Climate Conditions and Classification 15
2.1 The Climate Elements 15
2.1.1 Solar Radiation 15
2.1.2 Temperature 19
2.1.3 Precipitation 22
2.2 Classification of Climates 27
2.2.1 A. Tropical Humid Zones 27
2.2.2 B. Dry Zones 27
2.2.3 C. Subtropical Zones 29
2.2.4 D. Temperate Zones 31
2.2.5 E. Boreal 31
2.2.6 F. Polar 31
2.2.7 Tropical and Equatorial Zone 31
2.2.8 Subtropical Climate: C 33
2.2.9 Dry Climates: B 34
2.2.10 Highlands: H 34
Chapter 3: Crop Growth Requirements and Climate Control 38
3.1 Climate Requirements 38
3.2 Consequences for Greenhouse Construction 39
3.3 Measures for Climate Control 39
3.4 Tropical Regions 40
3.5 Subtropical Regions 42
3.6 Arid Regions 51
Chapter 4: Design Criteria for Greenhouses 53
4.1 Greenhouse Types 54
4.2 Site Selection 54
4.3 General Design Criteria 55
4.4 Loads for Greenhouse Structures 55
4.5 General Requirements 56
4.5.1 Ar: Tropical Wet Climates 56
4.5.1.1 Regions 56
4.5.1.2 Climatic Conditions 57
4.5.1.3 Greenhouse Structures 57
4.5.2 Aw: Tropical Wet and Dry Climates 57
4.5.2.1 Regions 57
4.5.2.2 Climatic Conditions 57
4.5.2.3 Greenhouse Structures 57
4.5.3 Cf: Subtropical Humid 58
4.5.3.1 Regions 58
4.5.3.2 Climatic Conditions 58
4.5.3.3 Greenhouse Structures 58
4.5.4 Cs: Subtropical Dry Summer. Mediterranean 59
4.5.4.1 Regions 59
4.5.4.2 Climatic Conditions 59
4.5.4.3 Greenhouse Structures 59
4.5.5 H: Tropical Highlands 59
4.5.5.1 Regions 59
4.5.5.2 Climatic Conditions 59
4.5.5.3 Greenhouse Structures 59
4.5.6 B: Dry Climates 60
4.5.6.1 Regions 60
4.5.6.2 Climatic Conditions 60
4.5.6.3 Greenhouse Structures 60
4.6 General Design Requirements 60
4.6.1 A. Structure 60
4.6.2 B. Climate Control 64
4.6.3 C. Integrated Plant Production and Protection (IPP) 65
Chapter 5: Greenhouse Structures 67
5.1 Round Arched Tunnel Greenhouses 70
5.1.1 Improvements for Tunnel Greenhouses 73
5.1.2 Dimensions 74
5.1.3 Pointed Arched Construction 76
5.1.4 Enlarged Tunnel Greenhouse 77
5.2 Multi-Span Greenhouses 79
5.3 Greenhouses for Tropical Lowlands 84
5.4 Greenhouses for Tropical Highlands and Subtropics 93
5.5 Greenhouse Constructions for Arid Regions 98
5.6 Screen and Shade Houses 101
5.7 Specific Greenhouses 108
5.7.1 Parral Type, Almeria 108
5.7.2 Greenhouses for Banana 112
5.7.3 Greenhouses for Terraces 112
5.7.4 Tent-type Construction 114
5.8 Life Cycle Assessment, LCA 119
5.8.1 Results 136
Chapter 6: Light Transmittance of Greenhouses 144
Chapter 7: Cladding Material 151
7.1 Materials 151
7.1.1 Ultra Violet Radiation (UV) 153
7.1.2 Photosynthetic Active Radiation PAR or Visible Light 153
7.1.3 LongWave Radiation, Far Infrared FIR 154
7.2 Influence of Dust and Dirt 154
7.3 Influence of Selective Spectral Transmittance 155
7.3.1 Transmittance and Blocking of UV Radiation 158
7.3.1.1 Transmittance for UV-B Radiation 158
7.3.1.2 UV-Blocking of Cladding Material 158
7.3.2 Photoselective Plastic Films and Screens 163
7.3.2.1 Blue part of PAR (400-500nm) 163
7.3.2.2 Red to Far Red Ratio 163
7.3.3 Near Infrared (NIR) Blocking and Reflecting Materials 165
7.3.4 Diffuse Light 168
7.3.5 Drop Condensation 168
Chapter 8: Greenhouse Components, Mounting, Installation and Maintenance 174
8.1 Foundation 174
8.2 Connections and Clamps 175
8.2.1 How to Do and How Not to Do the Clamp Connections 176
8.2.1.1 Welding 177
8.2.1.2 Gutters 179
8.3 Fastening and Stretching of the Cladding Material 179
8.4 Leaks 184
8.5 Windbreaks 190
Chapter 9: Ventilation 198
9.1 Natural Ventilation 198
9.1.1 Air Exchange 199
9.1.2 Ventilation Opening Area 200
9.1.3 Ventilation Efficiency 204
9.2 Types of Natural Ventilation Openings 205
9.2.1 Side Wall Ventilation 205
9.2.2 Roof Ventilation 206
9.2.2.1 Examples 207
9.2.2.2 Greenhouses with Flap Ventilation 208
The Use of Deflectors or Baffles 218
9.2.3 Side Wall and Roof Ventilation 220
9.2.4 Ventilation of Specific Greenhouses 225
9.2.4.1 Round-Arched Tunnel Greenhouse 225
9.2.4.2 Parral-Type Greenhouses 227
9.2.4.3 Banana Greenhouse 232
9.2.4.4 Summary of Recommendations for Natural Ventilation 232
9.3 Forced Ventilation 233
Chapter 10: Insect Screening 237
10.1 Enlargement of Screened Vent Openings 239
10.2 Necessary Enlargement of Screened Vent Openings 241
10.2.1 Method of Sase and Christiansen (1990) 241
10.2.2 Calculation of AS/AV by using methods of Bailey et al. (2003) and Teitel (2006) 242
10.3 Climate Conditions and Pest Control 244
Chapter 11: Cooling 255
11.1 Fan and Pad Cooling 256
11.2 Pad Location 258
11.3 Vertical Pad System and Water Circulation 258
11.4 Horizontal Pads 259
11.5 Pad Efficiency 259
11.6 Pad Material and Thickness 261
11.6.1 Pad Area 264
11.6.2 Pad Installation and Maintenance 266
11.6.3 Operation of Fan and Pad System 267
11.7 Fans 268
11.7.1 Air and Water Flow Rate 269
11.8 Fog System 274
11.8.1 Upward Fogging 278
11.9 Spray Cooling 280
Chapter 12: Heating 288
12.1 Heat Requirement 289
12.2 Fuel Consumption 291
12.3 Heating Systems 293
12.4 Geothermal Energy for Greenhouse Heating 300
12.5 Solar Heating 304
Chapter 13: Crop Water Requirement and Water Use Efficiency 315
13.1 Crop Water Requirement 315
13.1.1 This Penman-Monteith Method Can Also Be Applied for Greenhouse Conditions, if the Parameters Are Adapted to Greenhouse . 316
13.1.2 Example 1: Almeria (Spain) 318
13.1.3 Example 2: Bangkok (Thailand) 318
13.1.4 Example 3: Antalya (Turkey) and Bangalore (India) 318
13.2 Water Use Efficiency 319
Chapter 14: Rainwater Collection and Storage 322
14.1 Calculation of the Storage Volume 323
14.2 Example 1: Storage Volume for Climate Conditions in Bangalore (India) 324
14.3 Example 2: Storage Volume for Climate Conditions in Antalya (Turkey) 325
14.4 Design of Rainwater Storage Basins 325
Chapter 15: Desalination of Salty Water and Closed-System Greenhouses 329
15.1 Solar Desalination Systems 329
15.2 Closed-System Greenhouse 332
Chapter 16: CO2 Enrichment 340
Annexes 342
Annex A 342
Annex B 345
Annex C 346
References 348
Index 360