Optical Metamaterials (eBook)

Vladimir M. Shalaev received his PhD with honors from Krasnoyarsk University, Russia, in 1983.  He has since worked in the following fields: nanophotonics, metamaterials and plasmonics.  His honors inlude:  The College of Engineering Research Excellence Award, Nanotech Briefs Nano 50(TM) Award in the Technology category, 2006; Robert and Anne Burnett Professor of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Purdue University, since 2004; Fellow of The International Society for Optical Engineering (SPIE); Fellow of the American Physical Society, since 2002; Fellow of the Optical Society of America, since 2003.Wenshan Cai received his B.S. and M.S. degrees in Electronic Engineering from Tsinghua University in 2000 and 2002, respectively. From 2002 to 2008, he worked for his PhD degree in Electrical and Computer Engineering at Purdue University. He is now with the Geballe Laboratory for Advanced Materials at Stanford University. His research areas of interest include optical metamaterials, plasmonics optics, optoelectronics, and nanoscale photonic materials and devices. His honors include: Optical Society of America New Focus/Bookham Student Award, 2008, Chinese Government Award for Outstanding Students Abroad, 2007, Nanotech Briefs Nano 50 Award, 2006, Graduate with honor, Tsinghua University, 2002, Yangtze Fellowship for academic distinction, Tsinghua University, 2002, Motorola Fellowship for academic distinction, Tsinghua University, 2001.

Optical Metamaterials 1
1 Introduction 11
1.1 What are Metamaterials? 11
1.2 Macroscopic Effective Parameters 15
References 18
2 Optical Properties of Metal-Dielectric Composites 21
2.1 Optical Materials and Electronic Structures 21
2.2 Optical Properties of Dielectric Materials 23
2.3 Optical Properties of Metals 29
2.4 Metal-Dielectric Composites and Mixing Rules 35
References 46
3 Experimental Techniques and Data Treatment 48
3.1 Fabrication of Two-Dimensional Optical Metamaterials 48
3.2 Approaching the Third Dimension 52
3.3 Characterization of Spectral Properties 56
3.4 Extraction of Homogenized Optical Parameters 60
References 65
4 Electric Metamaterials 68
4.1 A Brief Overview of Artificial Dielectrics 68
4.2 Optical Properties of Stratified Metal-Dielectric Composites 69
4.3 Periodic Array of Metallic Wires 73
4.4 Semicontinuous Metal Films 80
References 83
5 Magnetic Metamaterials 85
5.1 Negligible Optical Magnetism in Nature 85
5.2 Split-Ring Resonators 86
5.3 Optical Magnetic Elements 90
5.4 Magnetism in the Visible Spectrum 96
5.5 Analytical Model of Magnetic Nanostrips 101
5.6 High-Permittivity Route to Artificial Magnetism 104
References 106
6 Negative-Index Metamaterials 109
6.1 A Brief Historical Review 109
6.2 Reversed Phenomena in Negative-Index Media 111
6.3 Negative Refraction in Microwave Frequencies 113
6.4 The Debut of Optical Negative-Index Materials 115
6.5 General Recipe for Construction 120
6.6 Alternative Approaches 124
References 128
7 Nonlinear Optics with Metamaterials 131
7.1 Recent Advances of Nonlinear Effects in Metamaterials 131
7.2 Second-Harmonic Generation and the Manley–Rowe Relations in Negative-Index Materials 134
7.3 Optical Parametric Amplifications in Negative-index Materials 139
References 142
8 Super Resolution with Meta-Lenses 145
8.1 Perfect Lens with Subwavelength Resolution 145
8.2 Near-Field Superlens 148
8.3 ``Tunable' Superlens Using Random Composites 150
8.4 Potential Applications of the Composite Lens 156
8.5 Far-Field Imaging with Super-Resolution 157
References 163
9 Transformation Optics and Electromagnetic Cloak of Invisibility 166
9.1 Invisibility and Transformation Optics: An Overview 166
9.2 Cloaking by Coordinate Transformation 169
9.3 Towards Experimental Demonstrations 174
9.4 Non-magnetic Optical Cloak 178
9.5 Cloaking with High-Order Transformations 183
9.6 Designs for High-Order Optical Cloaking 187
9.7 Alternative Approaches for Optical Cloaking 194
9.8 Concluding Remarks on Transformation Optics 198
References 200
Index 203