Tsunamis (eBook)

Front Cover 1
Tsunamis 4
Copyright 5
Contents 6
Preface 10
Acknowledgments 12
Chapter 1 Introduction 14
Chapter 2 Tsunami Generation and Historical Aspects 24
2.1 Tsunamis Generated by Seaquakes 26
2.2 Tsunamis Generated by Surface/Submarine Landslides and Rock Avalanches 33
2.3 Tsunamis Generated by Volcanic Eruptions 37
2.4 Tsunamis Generated by Meteorological Disturbances 40
2.5 Tsunamis Generated by Underwater Gas Emission 68
2.6 Tsunamis Generated by Asteroid Impacts 75
Chapter 3 Tsunami Databases 78
3.1 The United States Tsunami Database 79
3.2 The Russia Tsunami Databases 81
3.3 The UNESCO Tsunami Database 81
3.4 The Japan Tsunami Database 82
3.5 The Greece Tsunami Database 82
Chapter 4 Geophysical Tsunami Hydrodynamics 84
4.1 Propagation 86
4.2 Features of Geophysical Tsunamis 93
4.3 Influence of Midocean Ridges, Straits, and Continental Shelves 101
4.4 Tsunamis on Islands 105
4.5 Tsunami-Induced Seiches in Harbors 107
4.6 Tsunamis in Inland Water Bodies 110
Chapter 5 Impact of a Tsunami on Coastal and Island Habitats 112
Chapter 6 The Protective Role of Coastal Ecosystems 116
Chapter 7 Earthquake Detection and Monitoring for Early Warnings of Seismogenic Tsunamis 122
7.1 Earthquake Precursors 122
7.2 Earthquake Detection Through Monitoring the Behavior of Animals, Reptiles, and Birds 126
Chapter 8 Numerical Models for Forecasting 128
Chapter 9 The Role of IOC-UNESCO in Tsunami Early Warnings 134
Chapter 10 Earthquake Monitoring for Early Tsunami Warnings 138
10.1 Seismic Network of the Pacific Tsunami Warning Center 139
Chapter 11 Open Ocean Tsunami Detection 162
11.1 Detection Using Seafloor Pressure Measurement 164
11.2 Detection Using Orbiting Satellite Altimeters 168
11.3 Detection Using Optical Devices in Satellites and Aircrafts 171
11.4 Detection Using Orbiting Microwave Radar and Radiometers 174
Chapter 12 Land-Based Measurements of Inundation to Confirm Tsunamigenesis 178
Chapter 13 The Technology of End-to-End Communication: Sending the Message 180
Chapter 14 IOC-UNESCO Tsunami Early Warning Systems 184
14.1 The United States Tsunami Warning System 186
14.2 The Japan Tsunami Warning System 188
14.3 The Russia Tsunami Warning Service 196
14.4 The Canada Tsunami Warning System 214
14.5 The Australia Tsunami Warning System 217
14.6 The Puerto Rico Tsunami Warning System 221
14.7 The Korea Tsunami Warning System 227
14.8 The Chile Tsunami Warning System 229
14.9 The New Zealand Tsunami Warning System 230
14.10 India's Early-Warning System for Tsunamis and Storm Surges 233
14.11 Malaysia's Multihazard Early Warning System 248
14.12 The Singapore Tsunami Warning System 251
14.13 European Union Initiative 252
14.14 Tsunami Warning Systems Around the African Continent 257
Chapter 15 Technological Challenges In Detecting Tsunamis 260
Chapter 16 Sea-Level Measurements From Coasts and Islands 266
16.1 Chart Datum 268
16.2 Float-Driven Gauges 268
16.3 Electric Step Gauges 281
16.4 Air-Acoustic Gauges 283
16.5 Downward-Looking Aerial Microwave Radar Gauges 289
16.6 Subsurface Pressure Gauge Systems 297
16.7 Radiowave Interferometry 336
16.8 Differential Global Positioning Systems on Floating Buoys 340
16.9 Applying a Tide Staff for Datum Control in Coastal Sea-Level Measurements 344
Chapter 17 Sea Level Measurements From Deep-Sea Regions 346
17.1 Seafloor Pressure Sensor Capsules 348
17.2 Satellite Radar Altimetry 360
Chapter 18 Telemetry of Sea-Level Data 364
18.1 Submarine Cable Communication 364
18.2 Acoustic Communication 365
18.3 VHF/UHF Transceivers and Wired Telephone Connections 368
18.4 Satellite Communication 370
18.5 Cellular Modems 376
18.6 Telemetry From Polar Regions 377
Chapter 19 Evaluating and Assessing Tsunamis Technologies for Specific Situations 378
19.1 Optimal Ocean-Bottom Pressure Recorders 379
19.2 Optimal Devices for Measuring Coastal Tsunamis 380
19.3 Summary 383
Chapter 20 Extracting Tsunami Signals From Sea-Level Records 394
Chapter 21 Conclusions 398
References 402
Bibliography 434
Index 440