Developmental Biology of Peripheral Lymphoid Organs (eBook)

Preface 6
Contents 8
Contributors 10
Chapter 1: Introduction: Evolution of Peripheral Lymphoid Organs 12
1.1 Lymphoid Organ Formation and Restoration of Tissue Integrity: A Single Event or Repeating Incidents? 13
1.2 Sharing Common Purposes and Following Different Ways 13
Part I: Common Themes in Lymphoid Organ Development 15
Chapter 2: Cellular Partners in the Embryonic Induction of Lymphoid Territories: Origins and Transcriptional Regulation 16
2.1 Discovery and General Characteristics of the Adam-Eve Pair of Lymphoid Organogenesis 16
2.2 Transcriptional Regulation of LTi Cells 18
2.3 LTo Cells: From the Unknown to the Uncertain 20
References 21
Chapter 3: Lymphotoxin/Tumour Necrosis Factor Family Members as Morphogenic Factors 23
3.1 Introduction: TNF and LT - from Inflammation and Cancer to Central Stage of Lymphoid Organogenesis 23
3.2 Non-overlapping Effects of TNF and LT Recognition in Secondary Lymphoid Organ Development 24
3.3 Role of TRANCE in Lymphoid Organogenesis 27
3.4 Signalling Mechanisms of the Immediate TNF Family Members: A Net of TRAFs and Others 27
References 29
Chapter 4:NF-kB Signalling and Lymphoid Tissue Organogenesis 33
4.1 Introduction 33
4.2 Activation of the NF-kappaB Transcription Factors 34
4.3 LTbetaR Signalling and Activation of the NF-kB Pathways in Lymphoid Organ Development and Maintenance 37
4.3.1 Relb-Deficient Mice 38
4.3.2 Nfkb2-Deficient Mice and p100Delta Knock-In Mice 38
4.3.3 Nik-Deficient Mice, aly/aly Mice and IKKaaa Knock-In Mice 38
4.3.4 Rela-Deficient Mice 39
4.3.5 Nfkb1-Deficient Mice 39
4.3.6 Nfkb1/Nfkb2-Double Deficient Mice 39
4.4 TNFa-Induced Activation of NF-kappaB During SLO Development 40
4.5 RANK and Activation of NF-kappaB in Lymphoid Organ Development 40
4.6 NF-kappaB Function During Development and Maturation of Inducible Lymphoid Organs 41
4.7 Conclusion and Remaining Questions 41
References 42
Chapter 5: Homeostatic Chemokines, Cytokines and Their Receptors in Peripheral Lymphoid Organ Development 47
5.1 IL-7 and Its Receptor: From Lymphocyte Differentiation to Lymphoid Organogenesis 47
5.2 Role of IL-7R Signalling in Lymphoid Organogenesis 48
5.3 Homeostatic Chemokines and Receptors: Relay of LTi Cells and Mature Lymphocytes in Establishing and Maintaining Compartmentalized Lymphoid Tissue Architecture 49
References 51
Part II: Development of Lymph Nodes in Humans and Rodents 54
Chapter 6: Developmental Relationship and Convergence Between the Formation of Lymphoid Organs and Lymphatic Vasculature 55
6.1 Introduction 55
6.2 Phylogeny of Lymphatic Vessels 57
6.3 Structure of Lymphatic Vessels in Mammals 57
6.4 Development of Lymphatic Vessels: Programmed or Induced 58
6.5 Embryonic Development: Establishment of LEC Identity 58
6.6 Inflammatory Macrophages: Assist or Impersonate 61
References 62
Chapter 7: Development and Structure of Lymph Nodes in Humans and Mice 65
7.1 Secondary Lymphoid Organs 65
7.2 Hematopoietic Cells in Lymph Node Development 67
7.3 Stromal Cells in Lymph Node Development 69
7.4 Cellular Architecture in the Lymph Node 70
7.5 Vasculature of the Lymph Nodes 72
References 76
Chapter 8: Development of Lymph Node Circulation and Homing Mechanisms 81
8.1 Overview of Blood Vasculature in Lymphoid Tissues 81
8.2 Vasculature Organization and Development in Lymphoid Tissues 82
8.3 Modification and Plasticity of Vascular Networks in LNs During Development 86
8.4 The HEV Phenotype 86
8.5 Tissue-Specific Homing: Peripheral and Mucosal Addressins 88
8.6 Lymphocyte Subset Homing Mechanisms 89
8.7 How Do Lymphocytes Transmigrate and Exit HEV? 89
8.8 HEV-Specific Genes 91
8.8.1 Peripheral LN Addressin, L-Selectin Ligand Sulphotransferase and GlyCAM-1 91
8.8.2 Arrest Chemokine CCL21 92
8.8.3 Other HEV-Expressed Genes Implicated in Lymphocyte Trafficking 92
8.9 Maintenance of HEV Phenotype 93
8.10 Dynamic Changes of the Lymphoid Structure During Inflammation 94
References 95
Part III: Programmed and Nascent Gut-Associated Organized Lymphoid Tissues 101
Chapter 9: Structure and Development of Peyer´s Patches in Humans and Mice 102
9.1 Structure of the Peyer´s Patches 102
9.2 Hematopoietic Cells in Peyer´s Patch Development 104
9.3 Stromal Cells in Peyer´s Patch Development 107
References 108
Chapter 10: Cryptopatches and Isolated Lymphoid Follicles: Aspects of Development, Homeostasis and Function 112
10.1 Cryptopatches and Isolated Lymphoid Follicles Are Differentially Matured Aspects of One Basic Structure 112
10.2 Gut Bacteria Modulate the CP/ILF Spectrum 114
10.3 Postnatal Formation of CP/ILF 115
10.4 The Mechanisms Controlling CP Formation Resemble Those of PP Formation 116
10.5 Putative Functions of CP/ILF 118
10.5.1 lin-ckit+ CP Cells: T Cell Progenitors or Organizer Cells Required for ILF Maturation? 118
10.5.2 The Putative Role of ILF in Intestinal IgA Immunity 119
10.6 Why CP/ILF Should Be Regarded as Classical Secondary Lymphoid Organs 120
References 121
Part IV: Single Complexity: The Spleen 123
Chapter 11: Structural Evolution of the Spleen in Man and Mouse 125
11.1 Ontogeny of the Spleen in Nonmammalian Vertebrates 125
11.2 Basic Structural Components of Spleen in Man and Mouse 128
11.3 Transcriptional Regulation of Early Spleen Development 131
11.4 Emergence of the Spleen Anlage and Specification of Red Pulp and White Pulp 134
11.5 Specialization of the Mesenchymal Scaffolding of the Mouse Spleen: Postnatal Evolution of Vasculature and Fibroblastic Reticular System 136
References 140
Chapter 12: Formation and Function of White Pulp Lymphocyte Rich Areas of Spleen 146
12.1 Anatomy of the Splenic White Pulp Areas 146
12.2 The Splenic Conduit and the Fibroreticular Cells That Form It 146
12.3 Homeostatic Chemokines Organize the White Pulp Areas 148
12.4 B and T Cell Recirculation Through the Spleen 149
12.5 Anatomy of T Cell-Dependent Antibody Responses 149
12.6 The Splenic Marginal Zone 150
12.7 MZ B Cell Transport of Antigen onto FDCs in B Follicles 150
12.8 MZ B Cells and Antibody Responses 150
12.9 Splenic Phylogeny Reveals That White Pulp Organization Evolved in the Context of the Capacity to Make and Sustain High Affinity Antibody Responses 151
12.10 Recently Evolved Tumor Necrosis Family Member Ligands Control the Development of Organization and CD4 Memory in the Spleen 151
12.11 Splenic Lymphoid Tissue Inducer Cells Express High Levels of the Newly Evolved TNF Ligands, LTa and LTbeta, CD30L, and OX 152
12.12 High Affinity Class Switched Antibodies Depend on LTa- and LTbeta-induced Organization 153
12.13 Adult LTi Express High Levels of the TNF-ligands, OX40L and CD30L, and These Molecules Are Linked with the Development of CD4 Memory 154
12.14 Ontogeny of Splenic White Pulp Areas in Relation to LTi Expression of Lymphotoxins, OX40L and CD30L 155
12.15 Summary 156
References 156
Part V: Disassembling the Puzzle: Effect of Aging 161
Chapter 13: Age-Associated Decline in Peripheral Lymphoid Organ Functions 162
13.1 Introduction 162
13.2 The Aging of the Immune System 163
13.3 The FDCs Relationship to Other Dendritic Cells 164
13.4 The Molecular Model of FDC-B Cell Interactions 164
13.5 FDCs in Aging 166
13.6 Antigen Transport and Reticula in Old Mice 168
13.7 Old B and T Cells 169
13.8 Summary and Conclusion 171
References 171
Index 176