Galaxies and their Masks (eBook)

Preface 5
Contents 15
A Tribute to Ken Freeman 19
Stars are Small Dark-Coloured ThingsThat Live in Holes in the Ground 35
1 Introduction 35
2 !nanni, Tamme and George Stow 36
3 Concluding Thoughts 53
References 55
Shrouds of the Night -- Galaxies and René Magritte 57
1 Galaxies and René Magritte 57
2 The Treachery of Conventional Images of Galaxies 59
3 The Duality of Spiral Structure 60
4 The Building of Galactic Disks: Active Evolutionin the Triangulum Spiral M33 68
4.1 Farewell to Monolithic Collapse of M33 70
5 Lessons from the Andromeda Spiral 71
6 Conclusion -- ``La condition humaine'' 71
References 74
Twin Masks of Spiral Structure? A Local Perspective 79
1 Introduction 79
2 Approaches to Modeling 80
3 Model Statistics and the Two-Arm / Four-Arm Dichotomy 82
4 Central Bar 90
References 90
The Mask of Complexity in Disk Galaxies 93
1 Introduction 93
2 Build-Up of Complication 94
3 Modeling 97
4 Toward Simplified Models of Disk Galaxies 98
5 Conclusions 99
References 100
Cosmic Magnetic Fields -- An Overview 101
1 Introduction 102
2 Observational Methods 103
3 Magnetic Fields in the Milky Way 105
4 Magnetic Fields in Galaxies 110
5 More Distant Magnetic Fields 115
6 Field Origin and Amplification 115
References 118
The Gaseous Halo Mask 121
1 Introduction 121
2 Gas Stripping from Dwarf Galaxies 122
3 Tracking the Evolution of Dwarf Galaxies in Cosmological Simulations 124
4 What happens to the Stripped Gas? 127
5 Summary 129
References 129
Molecular Gas Properties of Galaxies: The SMA CO(2-1) B0DEGA Legacy Project 131
1 Introduction 131
2 The B0DEGA Sample 132
3 Preliminary Results: CO(2--1) Morphologies and Concentration 133
4 Discussion 135
References 137
The DiVA's Mask: Iconifying Galaxies and Revealing HI Anomalies 139
1 Introduction 139
2 Observations, Analysis, and Modelling 140
3 Preliminary Results 142
3.1 Iconifying Galaxies 142
3.2 Revealing HI Anomalies 142
4 Summary and Future Plans 145
References 145
Enigmatic Masks of Cosmic Dust: Lessons from Nearby Galaxies Through the Eyes of the Spitzer Space Telescope 147
1 Introduction 147
2 Two Form Families of Stellar-Barred Spirals at 8.0m 148
2.1 Type 1: Tightly Coupled Morphologies at 3.6 and 8.0m 149
2.2 Type 2: Straight and Curved Dust Lanes in Emission, Without Trace of a Bar 150
3 Conclusion 152
References 153
The Large Magellanic Cloud: A Power Spectral Analysis of Spitzer Images 155
1 Introduction 155
2 Data 156
3 Analysis 157
4 Results 157
5 Simulations 158
6 Conclusions 161
References 161
Light Cores Behind Dark Masks 163
1 Introduction 163
2 Observations of NGC5236 164
3 Modeling of NGC5236 Nucleus 167
4 Observations of NGC253 168
5 Concluding Remarks 170
References 170
Globalization, Open Access Publishing, and the Disappearance of Print: Threat or Opportunity? 173
1 Introduction 173
2 Globalization 174
3 Open Access Publishing 176
4 The Disappearance of Print 177
5 The Future 178
References 178
Super Star Clusters and Supernovae in Interacting LIRGs Unmasked by NIR Adaptive Optics 181
1 Introduction 181
2 Super Star Cluster Candidates 182
2.1 The SSC NIR Luminosity Function 182
3 Searching for Extincted Core-Collapse SNe 184
4 SF and Dynamics in Interacting Galaxies 185
5 Summary 186
References 186
Structure, Mass, and Stability of Galactic Disks 187
1 Stellar Disks 187
2 Stellar Kinematics 188
3 Mass-to-Light Ratios and ``Maximum Disk'' 191
4 Flaring of HI Layers and Disk Masses 193
5 Flatness and Truncations in Stellar Disks 196
References 200
What Can the Radial Surface Brightness Profiles of Galaxy Discs Tell Us About Their Evolution? 203
1 Profile Classification: A Brief Historical Summary 203
2 A Detailed Radial Profile Classification 205
3 Profiles of Unbarred Early-Type Galaxies and Statistics for a Representative Sample of Hubble Types 205
4 The Time Evolution of Disc Truncations 209
5 Theoretical Models and Scenarios for Outer Disc Profile Evolution 213
6 Conclusions 217
References 218
The Complex Interplay of Dust and Star Light in Spiral Galaxy Discs 221
1 Introduction 221
2 Dust Effects on Bulge and Disc Parameters 222
3 The Energy Balance in Spiral Galaxies 223
References 226
Galaxy Morphology Revealed By SDSS: Blue Elliptical Galaxies 229
1 Introduction 229
2 Morphology and Photometric Properties of SDSS Galaxies 230
3 Blue Elliptical Galaxies 231
3.1 Morphology 231
3.2 Spectral Properties 232
3.3 Fraction of Blue Elliptical Galaxies 233
4 Discussion and Conclusions 233
References 234
Rings and Bars: Unmasking Secular Evolution of Galaxies 235
1 Introduction 235
2 Bars 237
2.1 Basic Properties of Bars 238
2.2 Bar Dust Lanes 240
2.3 Bars and Spirals 241
2.4 Bars and Secular Evolution 242
3 Rings 244
4 Future Work: The S4G Survey 248
5 Conclusions 250
References 250
Bars and Bulges Through Masks of Time 255
1 Introduction 256
1.1 Exploring Masks of Time Older Than 1Gyr 256
1.2 Exploring Masks of Time Younger Than 1Gyr 257
2 Stellar Line-Strength Indices of Bars and Bulges 258
2.1 Metallicity Gradient Along the Bar 258
2.2 Mean Values and Metallicity Gradients in the Bulge Region 259
3 Stellar Content in the Disk Region of Barred Galaxies 260
4 Massive Recent and Current Star Formation in Barred Galaxies 260
4.1 NGC 1530 260
4.2 NGC 2903 262
References 264
Tidal Trails and Mass-Segregated Isothermal Clusters 267
1 Introduction 267
2 Analytic Approximation to Orbits 268
3 The Orbital Time to Reach a Given Point 270
4 Application to Tidal Trails 272
5 Mass Segregation and Cluster Evolution 274
6 Mass-Segregated Isothermal Clusters 275
7 Critical Radii for Gravothermal Instability 277
References 279
Stellar Debris Streams: New Probes of Galactic Structureand Formation 281
1 Introduction 281
2 Distant Halo Streams 283
2.1 The Sagittarius Stream 284
2.2 The Virgo Stellar Stream 285
2.3 The Palomar 5 Tidal Tails 285
2.4 The Monoceros Ring 286
2.5 The NGC 5466 Tidal Tails 286
2.6 The Orphan Stream 287
2.7 The GD-1 Stream 287
2.8 The Anticenter Stream 288
2.9 The EBS Stream 288
2.10 Acheron, Cocytos, and Lethe 288
2.11 Styx 289
2.12 The Cetus Polar Stream 289
3 The Next Steps 289
References 291
Chemical Enrichment in Galaxies: Constraints on Nucleogenesis and Galaxy Evolution 295
1 How to Model the Chemical Enrichment in Galaxies 295
2 The Chemical Evolution of Spirals: The Milky Way 298
2.1 The Time-Delay Model 299
3 Time-Delay Model and Star Formation Histories 300
4 Abundance Ratios in Dwarf Spheroidals 301
5 Elliptical Galaxies 302
6 Dwarf Irregulars 307
References 307
Chemodynamical Simulations of Galaxies 311
1 Introduction 311
2 Chemical Enrichment Sources 312
3 Chemodynamical Code 315
4 Cosmological Simulations 315
5 Elliptical Galaxies 318
6 The Milky Way Galaxy 319
6.1 Age--Metallicity Relations 321
6.2 [/Fe] - [Fe/H] Relations 322
6.3 [X/Fe]-[Fe/H] Diagrams 324
6.4 [/Fe]-[Mn/Fe] Diagram 325
References 326
Elemental Abundance Patterns of Disk Substructure 327
1 Introduction 327
1.1 Disk Substructure 328
2 Elemental Abundances 329
2.1 High-Resolution Spectroscopy 330
3 Open Clusters 331
4 Moving Groups and Superclusters 332
4.1 HR1614 Moving Group 332
4.2 Hyades Supercluster 333
4.3 The Argus Association 335
5 Conclusions 335
References 336
Searching for Structures and Streams in the Extended SolarNeighbourhood with RAVE 339
1 Introduction 339
2 Radial Velocities 340
3 The Red Clump 341
3.1 The Hercules Moving Group 342
3.2 Tilt of the Velocity Ellipsoid 344
4 Conclusion 345
References 346
On the Age--Metallicity--Velocity Relation in the NearbyDisk Using the RAVE Survey 347
1 The Age--Metallicity and Age--Velocity Relation in the Galactic disk 347
2 The Age--Metallicity--Velocity Relation Project 348
2.1 Sample Definition 348
2.2 Follow-Up Observations and Data Analysis 348
3 The Age of Stars 349
4 The Velocity--Metallicity Relation in the Solar Neighborhood 350
References 351
The HERMES Project: Reconstructing Galaxy Formation 353
1 Introduction 353
2 Galactic Archaeology 354
2.1 The Galactic Halo 354
2.2 The Galactic Disk 355
2.3 The Galactic Thick Disk 356
3 Chemical Tagging 356
4 Galactic Archaeology with HERMES 357
5 HERMES and Gaia 358
6 Other HERMES Science 359
References 359
Stellar Halos: Unmasking a Galaxy's History 361
1 Stellar Halos 361
2 Methods 362
3 Results I 363
3.1 Sky Distribution 363
3.2 Radial Velocities 364
4 Results II. Solar Neighborhood 365
4.1 Kinematics 365
5 How to Retrieve the History of the Stellar Halo 367
6 Conclusions 369
References 370
The Outer Halos of Elliptical Galaxies 373
1 Introduction 373
2 Density Distribution and Kinematics of Outer Halo Stars 374
3 Dark Matter and Dynamics 376
4 Stellar Population and Assembly History 377
References 378
Galaxies: Lighthouses in the Shoals of Dark Halos 381
1 Introduction 381
2 From Big to Small 384
3 Scaling Relations 387
4 The Radius of First Turnaround 391
5 Parent Halos and Their Children 392
6 Summary 393
References 394
Dark Haloes as Seen with Gravitational Lensing 395
1 Ken Freeman's Dark Side 395
2 Gravitational Lensing and Dark Matter 396
3 Microlensing 397
4 Strong Lensing 398
5 Weak Lensing 399
5.1 Future Directions 401
6 The KiDS project 402
7 Conclusions 405
References 405
Behind the Mask: Resolving the Core--Cusp Problem in Spiral Galaxies 407
1 The Core--Cusp Problem 407
2 NGC 6822 408
3 Dwarf Galaxy Models with Supernova Winds 409
References 412
A GALAXY BASELINE: Multiwavelength Study of a Sampleof the Most Isolated Galaxies in the Local Universe 413
1 Introduction 413
2 AMIGA Sample Description and Revisions 414
2.1 Isolation Revision 414
2.2 Morphology Refinement 414
3 Detailed Morphological Study of Selected Subsamples 415
4 FIR Emission, Radio Continuum Emission, and Nuclear Activity 415
5 Atomic Gas 416
6 Concluding Remarks 417
References 417
Diffuse Light and Galaxy Interactions in the Core of Nearby Clusters 419
1 Diffuse Light in Clusters 419
2 PNs as Kinematical Traces 420
3 The Virgo Cluster Core 420
3.1 PNs Line-of-Sight Velocity and Projected Phase-Space Distributions 421
3.2 Dynamical Status of the Virgo Cluster Core 423
3.3 ICL Large-Scale Distribution in the Virgo Cluster from PNs Narrowband Surveys 425
4 Observing Techniques for the Kinematics of Diffuse Light in Clusters 426
4.1 Counter Dispersed Slitless Imaging Technique 427
4.2 The Multi-slit Imaging Spectroscopy Technique 427
5 The Un-mixed Kinematics of the Intracluster Stars in the Fornax and Hydra Cluster Cores 427
6 The Ongoing Sub-cluster Merger in the Coma Cluster Core 429
7 Cosmological Simulations and ICL 430
8 Summary and Conclusions 430
References 431
Feedback in Star and Galaxy Formation 433
1 Introduction 433
2 In the Beginning… 433
3 Star Formation 434
3.1 Feedback: Interstellar Clouds 436
4 Feedback: Disk Galaxies 436
5 Luminosity Function of Galaxies 437
6 Feedback in Low-Mass Galaxies 438
7 Feedback in Massive Galaxies 438
7.1 The AGN--Star Formation Connection 439
7.2 Modes of Star Formation 440
8 Conclusions 441
References 442
When Bad Masks Turn Good 443
1 Bad Dust -- The Struggle of Extragalactic Adaptive Optics 443
2 Good Dust -- A Surprise at High Redshifts 450
References 456
Spitzer's View of Galaxies in the High-Redshift Universe 459
1 Introduction 459
2 The Spitzer Space Telescope 460
3 IRAC Observations of the Early Universe 461
4 Identifying High-Redshift Galaxies 462
5 IRAC Observations of Galaxies at z = 5 to 7 (1.2--0.78 Gyr after Big Bang) 463
6 Observations of Galaxies at z > 7 (<
7 The Search for Lensed Galaxies at z 7 466
8 A Search for the First Stars ( 200 Myr after the Big Bang) 466
9 Future Observations to Search for High-Redshift Galaxies 466
10 Summary 469
References 469
Bandshifting and Other Masks of the Clumpy Populationsin High-Redshift Galaxies 471
1 Introduction 471
2 Clumpy Galaxies 473
3 Local Analogs and Galaxy Interactions 477
4 Selection Effects for Clump Properties 478
5 Conclusions 481
References 482
Supernovae, Dust, and Cosmology 485
1 Introduction 485
2 Dust-Scattered Light from SN 487
2.1 The Cloud Model 487
2.2 The Dust Model 488
2.3 The Light Echo 488
3 Effect on the Distance Estimate 491
4 Probability Consideration 492
5 Conclusion 495
References 495
Endpiece - On Location in Dead Vlei 497
List of Participants 502
CODA 505