Cooperative Communications and Networking (eBook)

Foreword 6
Preface 7
Contents 10
Acronyms 14
Chapter 1 17
Introduction 17
1.1 An Overview on Cooperative Communications 17
1.2 Brief History of Cooperative and Relay Channels 21
1.3 Standardization of Cooperative Communication and Relay Technology 22
1.4 Book Outline 24
References 26
Chapter 2 30
Review of Wireless Communications and MIMO Techniques 30
2.1 Characteristics of Wireless Channels 30
2.1.1 Path Loss 30
2.1.2 Shadowing Effect 33
2.1.3 Multipath Fading 34
2.2 Techniques to Exploit Spatial Diversity 40
2.2.1 Single-Input Multiple-Output (SIMO) System 41
2.2.2 Multiple-Input Single-Output (MISO) System 50
2.2.3 Multiple-Input Multiple-Output (MIMO) System 59
2.3 Capacity of Wireless Channels 63
2.3.1 Capacity of AWGN Channels 63
2.3.2 Capacity of Flat Fading Channels 64
2.3.3 Capacity with Multiple Antennas 67
2.4 Diversity-and-Multiplexing Tradeoff 73
References 78
Chapter 3 81
Two-User Cooperative Transmission Schemes 81
3.1 Decode-and-Forward Relaying Schemes 81
3.1.1 Basic DF Relaying Scheme 82
3.1.2 Selection DF Relaying Scheme 92
3.1.3 Demodulate-and-Forward Relaying Scheme 95
3.2 Amplify-and-Forward Relaying Schemes 101
3.2.1 Basic AF Relaying Scheme 102
3.2.2 Incremental AF Relaying Scheme 114
3.3 Coded Cooperation 116
3.3.1 Basic Coded Cooperation Scheme 117
3.3.2 User Multiplexing for Coded Cooperation 120
3.4 Compress-and-Forward Relaying Schemes 128
3.5 Channel Estimation in Single Relay Systems 129
References 134
Chapter 4 138
Cooperative Transmission Schemes with Multiple Relays 138
4.1 Orthogonal Cooperation 139
4.1.1 Orthogonal Cooperation with AF Relays 140
4.1.2 Orthogonal Cooperation with DF Relays 146
4.2 Transmit Beamforming 148
4.2.1 Transmit Beamforming with AF Relays 148
4.2.2 Transmit Beamforming with DF Relays 154
4.3 Selective Relaying 159
4.3.1 Selective Relaying with AF Relays 160
4.3.2 Selective Relaying with DF Relays 163
4.4 Distributed Space-Time Coding (DSTC) 166
4.4.1 Distributed Space-Time Coding with DF Relays 166
4.4.2 Distributed Space-Time Coding with AF Relays 174
4.5 Channel Estimation in Multi-Relay Systems 181
4.5.1 Training Design for AF Multi-Relay Systems 181
4.5.2 Training Design for DF Multi-Relay Systems 186
4.6 Other Topics on Multi-Relay Cooperative Communications 191
4.6.1 Multi-Hop Cooperative Transmissions 191
4.6.2 Asynchronous Cooperative Transmissions 200
References 203
Chapter 5 206
Fundamental Limits of Cooperative and Relay Networks 206
5.1 Gaussian Relay Channels 206
5.1.1 Cut-Set Bound of Gaussian Relay Channels 207
5.1.2 Decode-and-Forward and Degraded Relay Channels 210
5.1.3 Compress-and-Forward 214
5.2 Single-Relay Fading Channels 216
5.2.1 Ergodic Capacity 216
5.2.2 Diversity and Multiplexing Tradeoffs 220
5.3 Multi-Relay Networks 226
5.3.1 Upper Bound of Gaussian Multi-Relay Networks 227
5.3.2 Lower bound of Gaussian Multi-Relay Networks and Asymptotic Capacity Results 229
5.3.3 Multi-Relay Fading Channels 232
Appendix 5.1 Proof of Theorem 5.12 235
References 238
Chapter 6 239
Cooperative Communications with Multiple Sources 239
6.1 Time/Frequency-Division Multiple Access (TDMA/FDMA) 239
6.1.1 Round-Robin Scheduling 241
6.1.2 Opportunistic Scheduling 246
6.2 Code-Division Multiple Access (CDMA) 249
6.2.1 Uplink CDMA with Designated Relays 250
6.2.2 Uplink CDMA with Shared Relays 259
6.3 Space-Division Multiple Access (SDMA) 266
6.4 Partner Selection Strategies 271
6.4.1 Centralized Partner Selection Strategy 272
6.4.2 Decentralized Partner Selection Strategy 279
References 280
Chapter 7 282
Cooperation Relaying in OFDM and MIMO Systems 282
7.1 Brief Review of OFDM Systems 282
7.2 Resource Allocation in Pair-Wise Cooperative OFDM Systems 285
7.2.1 Power Allocation in Pair-Wise Cooperative OFDM Systems 285
7.2.2 Subcarrier Matching for Pair-Wise Cooperative OFDM Systems 289
7.3 Cooperative OFDM Systems with Multiple Relays 293
7.3.1 Cooperative Beamforming for OFDM Multi-Relay Systems 294
7.3.2 Selective Relaying for OFDM Multi-Relay Systems 299
7.4 Distributed Space-Frequency Codes 303
7.4.1 Decode-and-Forward Space-Frequency Codes 304
7.4.2 Amplify-and-Forward Space-Frequency Codes 312
7.5 Cooperation with MIMO Relays 316
References 325
Chapter 8 328
Medium Access Control in Cooperative Networks 328
8.1 Cooperation with Slotted ALOHA 328
8.1.1 Definition of Stability Region 331
8.1.2 Stability Region of a Cooperative Pair 333
8.2 Collision Resolution Mechanisms in Cooperative Networks 340
8.2.1 Network-Assisted Diversity Multiple Access (NDMA) 340
8.2.2 Enhancements to NDMA with Relaying Users 342
8.3 Cooperation with CSMA/CA 343
8.3.1 Overview of the IEEE 802.11 MAC Protocol 344
8.3.2 CoopMAC based on the IEEE 802.11 Protocol 347
8.3.3 Analysis of CoopMAC 352
8.4 Automatic Retransmission reQuest (ARQ) with Cooperative Relays 355
8.5 Throughput Optimal Scheduling Protocols for Cooperative Networks 358
8.5.1 Review of Throughput Optimal Control Policy for Non-Cooperative Networks 358
8.5.2 Throughput Optimal Control Policy for Cooperative Networks 361
Appendix 8.1: Collision and Transmission Probabilities in IEEE 802.11 Systems 365
Appendix 8.2: Derivation of Probabilities 367
References 368
Chapter 9 371
Networking and Cross-Layer Issues in Cooperative Networks 371
9.1 QoS in Cooperative Networks 371
9.1.1 QoS of a Simple Relay Network 375
9.1.2 QoS of a Cooperative Pair 381
9.2 Routing in Cooperative Networks 383
9.2.1 General Formulation of Cooperative Routing 383
9.2.2 Heuristic Algorithms for Cooperative Routing 389
9.3 Security Issues in Cooperative Networks 393
9.3.1 Misbehavior in Relay Networks 393
9.3.2 Security in Single-Relay Cooperative Networks 395
9.3.3 Security in Multi-Relay Cooperative Networks 398
References 404
Index 406