Photoprotection in Plants (eBook)

Preface 8
Acknowledgements 10
Contents 12
Chapter 1: Optical Screening as a Photoprotective Mechanism 15
References 20
Chapter 2: Screening Pigments: General Questions 23
2.1 The Specificity of the Screening Pigments´ Function 23
2.2 The Evolution of Screening Pigments in Plants 25
2.3 The Diversity of Screening Pigments 27
2.3.1 Mycosporin-Like Amino Acids 28
2.3.2 Phenolic Compounds 29
2.3.3 Betalains 32
2.3.4 Carotenoids 33
2.3.5 Other Screening Pigments 37
2.4 Concluding Remarks 37
References 39
Chapter 3: Stress-Induced Buildup of Screening Pigments 47
3.1 Buildup of Mycosporine-Like Amino Acid and Phenolic Sunscreens 48
3.1.1 Induction and Regulation of the Synthesis of Mycosporine-Like Amino Acids 49
3.1.2 Induction of Biosynthesis of Phenolic Compounds 49
3.1.3 Accumulation of Different Phenolic Compounds in Response to Strong Solar Irradiation 51
3.2 Accumulation of Screening Pigments as a Result of Carotenogenesis 57
3.2.1 Carotenogenesis in Microalgae 57
3.2.2 Carotenogenesis in Higher Plants 64
3.3 Concluding Remarks 72
References 72
Chapter 4: Localization of Screening Pigments Within Plant Cells and Tissues 81
4.1 Subcellular Localization of Screening Pigments in Plants: General Patterns 81
4.2 Distribution of Phenolic Screening Compounds Within Plant Tissues 83
4.2.1 Screening Phenolics in the Cuticle 83
4.2.2 Vacuolar Phenolics of Mesophyll and Epidermis 84
4.2.3 Phenolics in Hairs and Trichomes 88
4.3 Depots of Secondary Carotenoids in Microalgae and Higher Plants 89
4.4 Concluding Remarks 95
References 97
Chapter 5: Manifestations of the Buildup of Screening Pigments in the Optical Properties of Plants 103
5.1 The Factors Affecting In Planta Spectra of Screening Pigments and Radiation Screening Efficiency 104
5.2 Contribution of Secondary Carotenoids to Absorption of Light by Microalgae 105
5.3 Stress-Induced Changes in Optical Properties of Cell Structures Containing Screening Pigments 109
5.3.1 Anthocyanin-Containing Vacuoles 109
5.3.2 Carotenoid-Accumulating Plastids 110
5.4 Selective Screening of PAR and UV Radiation by Cuticle and Epidermis 112
5.5 The Influence of Screening Pigment Accumulation on Whole-Plant Optical Spectra 116
5.5.1 Manifestations of the Buildup of Flavonols in Reflectance Spectra 117
5.5.2 Effect of Anthocyanins on Leaf and Fruit Spectra 123
5.5.3 Effect of Red Carotenoids on Leaf Reflectance 125
5.6 Concluding Remarks 127
References 128
Chapter 6: Quantification of Screening Pigments and Their Efficiency In Situ 133
6.1 Optical Reflectance-Based Techniques for Nondestructive Screening Pigment Assessment 133
6.1.1 The General Approach 134
6.1.2 Anthocyanins 140
6.1.3 Flavonols 142
6.1.4 Carotenoids 144
6.2 Approaches to Estimation of the Photoprotective Pigment Efficiency In Planta 145
6.3 Concluding Remarks 152
References 153
Chapter 7: Buildup of Screening Pigments and Resistance of Plants to Photodamage 157
7.1 Accumulation of Mycosporine-Like Amino Acids and Scytonemin Increases UV Resistance of Photoautotrophs 158
7.2 Buildup of UV-Absorbing Phenolics and UV Resistance of Plants 159
7.3 Anthocyanins and Other Phenolics as a Shield Against Excessive PAR 163
7.3.1 Are Anthocyanins Involved in UV Protection? 165
7.3.2 Anthocyanin and Cross-Resistance to Stress 166
7.3.3 Anthocyanins Prevent Photoinhibition and Photobleaching 167
7.4 Carotenoid Screening Pigments Protect Against Photodamage 169
7.5 Concluding Remarks 172
References 173
Index 179