Deep Space Craft (eBook)
XXIV, 440 Seiten
Springer Berlin (Verlag)
978-3-540-89510-7 (ISBN)
Deep Space Craft opens the door to interplanetary flight. It looks at this world from the vantage point of real operations on a specific mission, and follows a natural trail from the day-to-day working of this particular spacecraft, through the functioning of all spacecraft to the collaboration of the various disciplines to produce the results for which a spacecraft is designed. These results are of course mostly of a scientific nature, although a small number of interplanetary missions are also flown primarily to test and prove new engineering techniques. The author shows how, in order to make sense of all the scientific data coming back to Earth, the need for experiments and instrumentation arises, and follows the design and construction of the instruments through to their placement and testing on a spacecraft prior to launch. Examples are given of the interaction between an instrument's science team and the mission's flight team to plan and specify observations, gather and analyze data in flight, and finally present the results and discoveries to the scientific community.
This highly focused, insider's guide to interplanetary space exploration uses many examples of previous and current endeavors. It will enable the reader to research almost any topic related to spacecraft and to seek the latest scientific findings, the newest emerging technologies, or the current status of a favorite flight. In order to provide easy paths from the general to the specific, the text constantly refers to the Appendices. Within the main text, the intent is general familiarization and categorization of spacecraft and instruments at a high level, to provide a mental framework to place in context and understand any spacecraft and any instrument encountered in the reader's experience.
Appendix A gives illustrated descriptions of many interplanetary spacecraft, some earth-orbiters and ground facilities to reinforce the classification framework. Appendix B contains illustrated detailed descriptions of a dozen scientific instruments, including some ground-breaking engineering appliances that have either already been in operation or are poised for flight. Each instrument's range of sensitivity in wavelengths of light, etc, and its physical principle(s) of operation is described. Appendix C has a few annotated illustrations to clarify the nomenclature of regions and structures in the solar system and the planets' ring systems, and places the solar system in context with the local interstellar environment.
Table of Contents 5
List of Figures 11
Introduction 15
Author’s Preface 17
Acknowledgments 18
Foreword 19
1 Telepresence 21
1.1 On Location 21
1.1.1 A Busy Realtime Night 24
1.1.2 Realtime as Middle Ground 25
1.1.3 Wake-up Calls 26
1.1.4 Resolution 29
1.2 The Link With Earth 30
1.2.1 Spacecraft and the Deep Space Network 30
1.2.2 Microwaves 31
1.2.3 Antenna Gain 33
1.2.4 Power in the Link 35
1.2.5 All Things Considered 35
1.2.6 Signal-to-Noise Ratio: SNR 39
1.2.7 Amplification 41
1.2.8 The HEMT Low-Noise Amplifier 44
1.2.9 The Maser Low-Noise Amplifier 44
1.2.10 LNA Bandwidth 46
1.2.11 Microwave Signals To Go 46
1.2.12 The Closed-Loop Receiver 46
1.2.13 The Open-Loop Receiver 48
1.2.14 Transporting Information 48
1.2.15 Modulation Schemes 49
1.2.16 Power in the Data 50
1.2.17 Error Detection and Correction 51
1.2.18 Telemetry in Lock 54
1.2.19 Data Compression 55
1.2.20 Pushing the Shannon Limit 56
1.2.21 Data Structure 57
1.2.22 Channelized Engineering data and Science data 58
1.2.23 CCSDS 60
1.2.24 Remote Control 61
1.2.25 Beacons in Space 63
1.3 More than Telepresence 65
Notes 65
References 67
2 Navigating the Depths 69
2.1 Martian Miscalculation 69
2.2 Choice of Flight Path 71
2.3 Orbit Determination and Guidance 73
2.3.1 Kepler Newton and his Principia73
2.3.2 Models and Observables 75
2.3.3 Optical Navigation 76
2.3.4 Autonomous Navigation 77
2.4 Making Measurements 78
2.4.1 Coordinate Systems 79
2.4.2 Measuring the Doppler Shift 82
2.4.3 One, Two, Three Way 84
2.4.4 Measuring Range 86
2.4.5 VLBI — Very Long Baseline Interferometry 87
2.4.6 Putting it all together 90
2.5 Correction and Trim Maneuvers 91
2.5.1 The Target Plane 92
2.5.2 Maneuver Execution 95
2.6 Gravity Assist 98
2.6.1 A Grand Tour 99
2.6.2 How it works 100
2.7 A Familiar Connection Severed 101
Notes 102
References 104
3 Spacecraft Attitude Control 106
3.1 A Distant Rocking 106
3.2 The Attitude Control System 108
3.3 Intersecting Disciplines 112
3.4 Stability 115
3.4.1 Going for a Spin 115
3.4.2 Three-axis control 118
3.4.3 Hybrids 119
3.5 Attitude Control Peripherals 120
3.5.1 AACS Input Devices 120
3.5.2 AACS Output Devices 125
3.6 Scientific Experiments with AACS 133
3.7 AACS Faults and Protection 135
Notes 136
References 137
4 Propulsion 138
4.1 Liftoff 138
4.2 Newton’s Third Law 140
4.2.1 Water as Reaction Mass 140
4.2.2 Rocket Science 141
4.2.3 A Solid Rocket Example 142
4.2.4 Making Comparisons 143
4.3 Interplanetary Travel Becomes Possible 144
4.3.1 Nozzles 145
4.4 Propulsion System Designs 146
4.4.1 Solid Rocket Motors 146
4.4.2 Liquid Monopropellant Systems 148
4.4.3 Liquid Bipropellant Systems 151
4.4.4 Tanks in Free-fall 154
4.4.5 Dual Modes and Hybrids 155
4.4.6 Electrical Propulsion 155
4.5 Basic Systems 158
Notes 158
References 160
5 More Subsystems Onboard 161
5.0.1 Hierarchy 161
5.0.2 Spacecraft Bus 161
5.1 Electrical Power Subsystem 162
5.1.1 Voltage and Current 162
5.1.2 Solar Panels 163
5.1.3 Batteries 166
5.1.4 RTGs 168
5.1.5 Power Conditioning and Distribution 171
5.1.6 Power Margin 173
5.2 Structure Subsystem 173
5.2.1 Functions 173
5.2.2 Materials 174
5.2.3 Components 174
5.2.4 Examples 175
5.2.5 Pre-Launch Structural Testing 176
5.3 Command and Telemetry Subsystem 177
5.3.1 CTS Roles 177
5.3.2 Data Storage 177
5.3.3 Data Bus 178
5.3.4 Heater Control 178
5.3.5 Heartbeat 179
5.4 Fault Protection 179
5.4.1 Safing 180
5.4.2 Fault-Tolerant Architecture 180
5.4.3 Fault-Protection Monitors 181
5.4.4 Fault-Protection Responses 182
5.4.5 Critical Commands 182
5.4.6 Recovery from Safing 183
5.5 Thermal Control Subsystem 183
5.5.1 Radiative Heat Transfer 184
5.5.2 Heat Generation 186
5.5.3 Conductive Heat Transfer 186
5.5.4 Components 186
5.5.5 Atmospheric Entry 190
5.5.6 Thermal-Vacuum Testing 191
5.6 Mechanical Devices Subsystem 192
5.6.1 Release Devices 192
5.6.2 Extensible Booms 194
5.7 Science Instruments 195
Notes 195
References 196
6 Science Instruments and Experiments 198
6.1 Questions 199
6.2 Payload 200
6.3 Scientific Instruments 200
6.3.1 The Four Categories 200
6.3.2 The Questions and the Instruments 201
6.3.3 Imaging Science Instruments 203
6.3.4 Altimeters 217
6.3.5 Microwave Radiometers and Scatterometers 218
6.3.6 Optical Spectroscopic Instruments 219
6.3.7 Mass Spectrometers 229
6.3.8 Atmospheric Analysis Instruments 231
6.3.9 Active Spectrometers 232
6.3.10 Magnetometers 233
6.3.11 Radio and Plasma Wave Detectors 234
6.3.12 Impact and Dust Detectors 234
6.3.13 Charged Particle Detectors 235
6.3.14 Summary 236
6.4 In-Flight Science Experiments 236
6.4.1 Solar and Stellar Occultations 236
6.4.2 Radio Science Occultations 237
6.4.3 Radio Science Celestial Mechanics Experiments 239
6.4.4 Superior Conjunction Experiments 240
6.4.5 Radio Science Gravitational Radiation Searches 241
6.4.6 Bistatic Radio Science Observations 242
6.4.7 Gravity Field Surveys 242
6.4.8 Calibrations and Ground Truth 243
6.5 Science Data Pipeline 244
6.5.1 Television, Radio, and Newspapers 245
6.5.2 WWW Media 245
6.5.3 Peer-Reviewed Journals 246
6.5.4 Meetings of Scientific Institutions 247
6.5.5 Hands on the Data 248
6.5.6 An Expanding Presence 249
Notes 249
References 251
7 Mission Formulation and Implementation 258
7.1 Announcement of Opportunity 258
7.1.1 Financial Perspective 259
7.1.2 About Scout 259
7.1.3 AO Responses 259
7.2 Spacecraft Classifications 260
7.2.1 Engineering Demonstration Spacecraft 260
7.2.2 Observatory Spacecraft 261
7.2.3 Flyby Spacecraft 261
7.2.4 Orbiter Spacecraft 262
7.2.5 Atmospheric Spacecraft 262
7.2.6 Lander and Penetrator Spacecraft 262
7.2.7 Rover Spacecraft 262
7.2.8 Communications and Navigation Spacecraft 263
7.2.9 Size and Complexity 263
7.3 Making a Mission 263
7.3.1 Decadal Surveys 264
7.3.2 Competed Missions 264
7.3.3 Assigned Missions 265
7.3.4 Administration 265
7.3.5 Mission Phases 268
7.3.6 Reviews 269
7.3.7 Pre-phase A: Concept studies 270
7.3.8 Phase A: Concept and Technology Development 276
7.3.9 Phase B: Preliminary Design and Technology Completion 276
7.3.10 Phase C: Final Design and Fabrication 279
7.3.11 Phase D: Assembly, Integration and Test, Launch 279
7.4 Flying a Mission 283
7.4.1 Phase E: Flight Operations and Data Analysis 283
7.4.2 Phase F: Closeout 293
Notes 295
References 296
8 Onward 297
8.1 Spacecraft Bus Technologies 297
8.2 Science 301
8.2.1 Gravitational Wave Astronomy 301
8.2.2 Earth-mass Exoplanet Discoveries 301
8.2.3 SETI 302
8.2.4 Habitat Identification 302
8.2.5 Improving Sensor Capability 302
8.3 Print and Electronic Media 303
8.4 Human Journeys 304
8.5 Earth-Protective Measures 304
8.6 Earthbound Dividends 305
Notes 307
References 307
Appendix A: Typical Spacecraft 308
The Voyager Spacecraft 309
The New Horizons Spacecraft 311
The Spitzer Space Telescope 313
The Chandra X-Ray Observatory 315
The Galileo Spacecraft 317
The Cassini Spacecraft 319
The Messenger Spacecraft 321
The Huygens Spacecraft 323
The Phoenix Spacecraft 325
Mars Science Laboratory Spacecraft 327
The Deep Impact Spacecraft 329
The Deep Space 1 Spacecraft 331
Appendix B: Typical Instruments 333
Solid-State Imager 334
High-Resolution Imaging Science Experiment 335
Radar 336
Mars Orbiter Laser Altimeter 337
Infrared Spectrograph 338
Chemistry and Camera 339
Magnetometers 340
Atmospheric Structure Instrument 341
Alpha Proton X-Ray Spectrometer 342
Mini-M¨ossbauer Spectrometer 343
Stellar Reference Unit 344
Deep Space Station 55 345
Appendix C: Space 346
References 348
Appendix D: The Electromagnetic Spectrum 353
Notes 354
Appendix E: Chronology 358
Notes 379
Appendix F: Units of Measure, Abbreviations, Greek Alphabet 380
Units of Measure 380
Conversions 382
Abbreviations 383
The Greek Alphabet 388
Glossary 389
Index 435
| Erscheint lt. Verlag | 3.4.2010 |
|---|---|
| Reihe/Serie | Astronautical Engineering |
| Astronautical Engineering | |
| Springer Praxis Books | Springer Praxis Books |
| Zusatzinfo | XXIV, 440 p. |
| Verlagsort | Berlin |
| Sprache | englisch |
| Themenwelt | Naturwissenschaften ► Physik / Astronomie ► Astronomie / Astrophysik |
| Technik ► Fahrzeugbau / Schiffbau | |
| Technik ► Luft- / Raumfahrttechnik | |
| Schlagworte | Control • Design • Solar System • space • space exploration |
| ISBN-10 | 3-540-89510-8 / 3540895108 |
| ISBN-13 | 978-3-540-89510-7 / 9783540895107 |
| Haben Sie eine Frage zum Produkt? |
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