Sensors and Microsystems (eBook)

FOREWORD 5
AISEM COMMITTEES 7
AISEM Scientific Committee 8
TABLE OF CONTENTS 9
TUTORIALS 18
WITH THE EYE OF THE BEHOLDER: AN INTRODUCTION TO THE OBSERVATION OF MULTIDIMENSIONAL DATA WITH THE PRINCIPAL COMPONENT ANALYSIS 19
1. Data, patterns, matrices, and vector spaces 19
2. Data correlation 21
3. Principal component analysis 22
3.1. Multivariate Gaussian PDF 23
3.2. Covariance matrix and principal components 24
3.3. Data normalization 26
4. An example of PCA 26
5. Caveat and conclusions 30
References 30
BIOSENSOR TECHNOLOGY: A BRIEF HISTORY 31
1. Brief history of biosensors 31
2. The problem of amplification 33
3. The biological system 33
4. Immobilization of the biological system 33
5. Important steps in the biosensor research 34
5.1. The case of glucose pen 34
5.2. The appearance of BIAcore on the market 35
5.3. Nucleic acid based biosensor 36
6. New trends and conclusions 37
Acknowledgment 39
References 39
FUNDAMENTAL LIMITATIONS IN RESISTIVE WIDE-RANGE GAS-SENSOR INTERFACE CIRCUITS DESIGN 40
1 Introduction 40
2 General specifications of resistive MOX gas-sensors 42
3 Main limitations in wide-range gas-sensors interface circuits design 44
3.1. Analog front-end signal-to-noise ratio limitations 45
3.2. Analog front-end signal swing limitations 47
3.3. Analog-to-digital converter resolution limitations 49
3.3.1. Maximum least significant bit amplitude according to AFE SNRmin 50
3.3.2. Effective resolution requirement for the ADC according to real DR 50
4 Analog front-end design solutions and guidelines 50
4.1. Multi-scale analog front-end design solution 51
4.1.1. Noise limitations in multi-scale AFE solution 52
4.1.2. Signal swing limitations in multi-scale AFE solution 52
4.1.3. ADC limitations in multi-scale AFE solution 53
4.1.4. Minimum number of sub-ranges in multi-scale AFE solution 54
5 Conclusions 54
Acknowledgments 55
References 55
MATERIALS TERIALS AND PROCESSES 56
ADVANCES IN SILICON PERIODIC MICROSTRUCTURES WITH PHOTONIC BAND GAPS IN THE NEAR INFRARED REGION 57
1. Introduction 57
2. Experimental results 58
3. Theoretical analysis 59
4. Conclusions 60
Acknowledgments 60
References 60
INVESTIGATION OF THE SWELLING PROPERTIES OF PHEMA AND PHEMA/CB FOR SENSING APPLICATION 61
1. Introduction 61
2. Experimental 61
3. Results and discussion 62
4. Conclusions 64
Acknowledgment 64
References 64
OPTICAL SENSING PROPERTIES TOWARDS ETHANOL VAPORS OF AU-POLYIMIDE NANOCOMPOSITE FILMS SYNTHESIZED BY DIFFERENT CHEMICAL ROUTES 65
1. Introduction 65
2. Material synthesis 66
3. Experimental results 67
4. Concluding remarks 68
References 68
OPTICAL VAPORS SENSING CAPABILITIES OF POLYMERS OF INTRINSIC MICROPOROSITY 69
1. Introduction 69
2. Material synthesis 70
3. Experimental results 70
3.1. BET surface area analysis and XRD 70
3.2. Optical characterization of PIM 71
4. Conclusions 72
References 72
FOCUSED ION BEAM AND DIELECTROPHORESIS AS GROW-IN-PLACE ARCHITECTURE FOR CHEMICAL SENSOR 73
1. Introduction 73
2. Experimental 74
3. Results and discussion 74
4. Conclusions 76
Acknowledgment 76
References 76
A NOVEL APPROACH FOR THE PREPARATION OF METAL OXIDE/CNTs COMPOSITES FOR SENSING APPLICATIONS 77
1. Introduction 77
2. ALD process 78
3. Sensing tests 79
References 80
THE IMPACT OF NANOPARTICLE AGGREGATION IN LIQUID SOLUTION FOR TOXICOLOGICAL AND ECOTOXICOLOGICAL STUDIES 81
1. Introduction 81
2. Nanoparticles characterization 82
2.1. Evaluation of cancer effects on mice 82
2.2. Ecotoxicological effects 83
3. Conclusions 84
References 84
PREPARATION AND ELECTRICAL-FUNCTIONAL CHARACTERIZATION OF GAS SENSORS BASED ON TIO NANOMETRIC STRIPS USING IMPEDANCE SPECTROSCOPY 85
1. Introduction 85
2. Experimental 86
3. Results and discussion 87
4. Conclusions 89
References 89
PIEZOELECTRIC LOW-CURING-TEMPERATURE INK FOR SENSORS AND POWER HARVESTING 90
1. Introduction 90
2. Sample realization 91
3. Ferroelectric hysteresis loop measurement 91
4. Ink deposition using DOD technology 92
Acknowledgment 93
References 93
COMPARATIVE BIOAFFINITY STUDIES FOR IN-VITRO CELL ASSAYS ON MEMS-BASED DEVICES 95
1. Introduction 95
2. Materials and methods 96
2.1. Candidate substrates for bioaffinity tests 96
2.2. Surface chemistry analysis and bioaffinity studies 96
3. Results 97
3.1. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) analysis of the substrates 97
3.2. Cell density analysis by means of fluorescence microscopy 97
4. Conclusions 98
Acknowledgments 99
References 99
EFFECT OF THE LAYER GEOMETRY ON INK-JET SENSOR DEVICE PERFOMANCES 100
1. Introduction 100
2. Experimental section 101
2.1. Materials 101
2.2. Preparation and characterization of PS/CB ink suspension 101
2.3. Sensing devices 101
3. Results 101
4. Discussion and conclusions 103
References 103
DEVICES 105
OPTICAL FLOWMETER SENSOR FOR BLOOD CIRCULATORS 106
1. Introduction 106
2. The realized self-mixing interferometer 106
3. Measurement results and data processing 107
4. Conclusions 108
Acknowledgments 109
References 109
UV LASER BEAM PROFILERS BASED ON CVD DIAMOND 110
1. Introduction 110
2. Experimental 111
3. Results and discussion 112
4. Conclusions 113
References 113
PHOTOCONDUCTIVE POSITION SENSITIVE CVD DIAMOND DETECTORS 114
1. Introduction 114
2. Experimental 115
3. Results and discussion 115
4. Conclusions 117
References 117
OPAQUE-GATE PHOTOTRANSISTORS ON H-TERMINATED DIAMOND 118
1. Introduction 118
2. Experimental details 118
3. Results and discussion 119
4. Conclusions 121
References 121
FABRICATION AND CHARACTERIZATION OF A SILICON PHOTODETECTOR AT 1.55 MICRON 122
1. Introduction 122
2. Device fabrication 122
3. Measurements 123
3.1. Electrical measurements 123
3.2. Optical measurements 123
4. Conclusions 125
References 125
ACTIVE AREA DENSITY OPTIMIZATION TECHNIQUE FOR HARVESTER PHOTODIODES EFFICIENCY MAXIMIZATION 126
1. Introduction 126
1.1. Integrated micro solar cells 126
2. Results 128
3. Conclusions 129
References 129
ALL-FIBER HYBRID FIBER BRAGG GRATINGS CAVITY FOR SENSING APPLICATIONS 130
1. Introduction 130
2. Device description 131
3. Experimental results 131
3.1. SRI and bending characterization 132
3.2. Temperature and strain characterization 133
4. Discussion and Conclusions 133
References 134
AN OPTICAL PLATFORM BASED ON FLUORESCENCE ANISOTROPY FOR C REACTIVE PROTEIN AND PROCALCITONINE ASSAY 135
1. Introduction 135
2. Methodology 136
2.1. The optical device 136
2.2. Chemical protocols 136
3. Results and discussions 137
4. Conclusions 138
Acknowledgments 138
References 138
GOLD COATED LONG PERIOD GRATINGS IN SINGLE AND MULTI LAYER CONFIGURATION FOR SENSING APPLICATIONS 140
1. Introduction 140
2. Experiment 141
3. Results 141
References 143
UV SCHOTTKY SENSORS BASED ON WIDE BANDGAP SEMICONDUCTORS 144
1. Introduction 144
2. Experimental 144
3. Results and discussion 145
4. Conclusion 148
References 148
DESIGN AND REALIZATION OF A NOVEL PIXEL SENSOR FOR COLOR IMAGING APPLICATIONS IN CMOS 90 NM TECHNOLOGY 150
1. Introduction 150
2. 90-nm CMOS standard TFD prototypes 151
3. Design of an active pixel for the TFD 152
4. Conclusions 153
References 153
TECHNOLOGY AND I–V CHARACTERISTICS OF FULLY POROUS PN JUNCTIONS 154
1. Introduction 154
2. Experimental 155
3. Results 156
4. Conclusions 157
References 157
FAST GATING OF SINGLE-PHOTON AVALANCHE DIODES FOR PHOTON MIGRATION MEASUREMENTS 158
1. Introduction 158
2. Measurement setup and results 159
3. Conclusions 161
Acknowledgments 161
References 161
PERFORMANCE OF COMMERCIALLY AVAILABLE InGaAs/InP SPAD WITH CUSTOM ELECTRONICS 162
1. Introduction 162
2. Experimental characterization 163
3. Conclusions 165
References 166
NOVEL VACUUM EVAPORATED CAVITAND SENSORS FOR DETECTING VERY LOW ALCOHOL CONCENTRATIONS 167
1. Introduction 167
2. Results and discussion 169
3. Conclusions 170
References 170
HYDROGEN SENSING CAPABILITY OF NANOSTRUCTURED TITANIA FILMS 171
1. Introduction 171
2. Experimental 172
2.1. TiO2 nanostructures preparation and characterization 172
2.2. Sensors assembling and sensing tests 172
3. Results and discussions 173
4. Conclusions and future work 174
References 174
SYNTHESIS AND GAS SENSING PROPERTIES OF ZnO QUANTUM DOTS 175
1. Introduction 175
2. Experimental 176
3. Results and discussion 176
4. Conclusion 178
References 178
OPTICAL GAS SENSING PROPERTIES OF ZNO NANOWIRES 179
1. Introduction 179
2. Experimental 180
2.1. ZnO nanowires deposition 180
2.2. SEM characterization 180
3. Results and discussion 181
3.1. Continuous wave PL measurements in controlled environment 181
3.2. Time-resolved PL measurements 182
4. Conclusions 182
Acknowledgements 182
References 182
PORPHYRIN-PORPHYRIN DIADS AS POTENTIAL TRANSDUCERS FOR THE DETERMINATION OF CADAVERINE IN AQUEOUS SOLUTION 183
1. Introduction 183
2. Methodology 184
3. Results and discussions 185
4. Conclusions 186
References 186
ELECTROCHEMICAL CHARACTERIZATION OF PNA/DNA HYBRIDIZED LAYER USING SECM AND EIS TECHNIQUES 187
1. Introduction 187
2. Experimental 188
3. Results and discussion 188
3.1. PNA-DNA layer characterization by SECM 188
3.2. PNA-DNA layer characterization by EIS 189
4. Conclusions 190
Acknowledgments 190
References 190
METAL-FUNCTIONALIZED AND VERTICALLY-ALIGNED MULTIWALLED CARBON NANOTUBE LAYERS FOR LOW TEMPERATURE GAS SENSING APPLICATIONS 191
1. Introduction 191
2. Experimental details 192
3. Results and discussion 193
4. Conclusions 197
References 197
AMMONIA SENSING PROPERTIES OF ORGANIC INKS DEPOSITED ON FLEXIBLE SUBTRATES 198
1. Introduction 198
2. Experimental 199
3. Results and discussion 199
4. Conclusion 201
References 201
PROSPECTIVE OF USING NANO-STRUCTURED HIGH PERFORMANCES SENSORS BASED ON POLYMER NANO-IMPRINTING TECHNOLOGY FOR CHEMICAL AND BIOMEDICAL APPLICATIONS 202
1. Introduction 202
2. Experimental 203
2.1. The nano-structured sensor 203
2.2. Preparation of the sensors 203
2.3. Electrochemical measurement 203
3. Results 204
3.1. I-V experimental data 204
4. Conclusions 205
Acknowledgments 205
References 205
SURFACE ACOUSTIC WAVE BIOSENSOR BASED ON A RECOMBINANT BOVINE ODORANT-BINDING PROTEIN 206
1. Introduction 206
2. bOBP deposition 207
3. SAW biosensor system 208
4. Experimental results 208
5. Conclusions 209
References 209
DEVELOPMENT OF AN APTAMER-BASED ELECTROCHEMICAL SANDWICH ASSAY FOR THE DETECTION OF A CLINICAL BIOMARKER 211
1. Introduction 211
2. Materials and methods 211
3. Procedure 212
3.1. Beads preparation and aptamer immobilisation 212
3.2. Affinity reaction on magnetic beads and electrochemical measurement 213
4. Results and discussion 213
4.1. Calibration curve 213
5. Conclusions 214
Acknowledgments 214
References 214
DETERMINATION OF ETHANOL IN LEADLESS PETROLS AND BIOFUELS USING AN INNOVATIVE ORGANIC PHASE ENZYME ELECTRODE (OPEE) 215
1. Introduction 215
2. Operating conditions 216
3. Results 216
3.1. Analytical characteristic of the catalase biosensor to measure ethanol 216
3.2.Determination of ethanol concentration in leadless petrol samples and biofuel using the catalase biosensor 217
4. Conclusions 218
Acknowledgements 218
References 218
IMMUNOSENSORS FOR THE DIRECT DETERMINATION OF PROTEINS: LACTOFERRIN AND HIgG 219
1. Introduction 219
2. Methods 219
3. Results 220
4. Discussion 222
5. Conclusion 222
Acknowledgments 222
References 222
A METHOD BASED ON SCATTERING PARAMETERS FOR MODEL IDENTIFICATION OF PIEZOACTUATORS WITH APPLICATIONS IN COLLOIDAL SUSPENSION MONITORING 223
1. Introduction and principle of operation 223
2. Lumped element model for the description of the system 224
3. Scattering parameters and advantages connected to their use 225
4. Simulation results and experimental verifications 226
4. Conclusions 226
References 226
MEMS TILT SENSOR WITH IMPROVED RESOLUTION AND LOW THERMAL DRIFT 228
1. Design and manufacturing of the tilt sensor 228
2. Experimental result 230
3. Conclusions 231
References 231
AN OFFSET COMPENSATION METHOD FOR INTEGRATED THERMAL FLOW SENSORS 232
1. Introduction 232
2. Principle of offset compensation 233
3. Experimental results 234
4. Conclusions 235
Acknowledgments 235
References 235
A NEW PRINCIPLE FOR ENVIRONMENT RESISTANT INTEGRATED ANEMOMETERS 236
1. Introduction 236
2. Device description 237
3. Results 238
4. Conclusions 239
Acknowledgments 239
References 239
DISTRIBUTED DYNAMIC STRAIN MEASUREMENT USING A TIME-DOMAIN BRILLOUIN SENSING SYSTEM 240
1. Introduction 240
2. Principle of operation 241
3. Experimental results 242
4. Conclusions 243
References 243
EPOXY/MWCNT COMPOSITE BASED TEMPERATURE SENSOR WITH LINEAR CHARACTERISTICS 244
1. Introduction 244
2. Experimental 245
2.1. Material 245
2.2. Electrical characterization 245
3. Results and discussions 245
4. Conclusions 248
Acknowledgments 248
References 248
THERMOELECTRIC SENSOR FOR DETECTION OF CHEMICAL RADIATION HEAT 249
1. Introduction 249
2. Experimental results 250
3. Conclusions 252
References 252
SQUID SENSORS FOR HIGH SPATIAL RESOLUTION MAGNETIC IMAGING AND FOR NANOSCALE APPLICATIONS 253
1. Micro-SQUID for magnetic microscopy 253
2. Nano-SQUID based on niobium Dayem bridges 255
3. Conclusions 256
References 257
PERMING EFFECT IN RESIDENCE TIMES DIFFERENCE FLUXGATE MAGNETOMETERS 258
1. Fluxgate magnetometers 258
1.1. The µWire RTD fluxgate prototype 258
2. Perming effect 259
2.1. The experimental set-up to investigate the perming offset 259
3. Results and conclusion 260
References 261
DIFFUSE-LIGHT ABSORPTION SPECTROSCOPY BY MEANS OF A FIBER OPTIC SUPERCONTINUUM SOURCE – AN INNOVATIVE TECHNIQUE 262
1. Motivation: the drawbacks of absorption spectroscopy 262
2. Diffuse-light absorption spectroscopy: concept and setup 263
3. Results 263
4. Perspectives 265
Acknowledgements 265
References 265
SYSTEMS 266
A DIFFERENTIAL DIFFERENCE CURRENT-CONVEYOR (DDCCII) BASED FRONT-END FOR INTEGRABLE AND PORTABLE SENSOR APPLICATIONS 267
1. Introduction 267
2. DDCCII basic concepts 268
3. Simulation results 270
4. Conclusions 271
References 271
A NEW FAST-READOUT FRONT-END FOR HIGH RESISTIVE CHEMICAL SENSOR APPLICATIONS 272
1. Introduction 272
2. Proposed novel interface 273
3. Simulation results 275
4. Conclusions 276
References 276
A NOVEL CALIBRATION-LESS CCII-BASED RESISTANCE-TO-TIME FRONT-END FOR GAS SENSOR INTERFACING 278
1. Introduction 278
2. CCII basic theory and CMOS implementation 279
3. Proposed interface and simulation results 280
4. Conclusions 282
References 282
HIGH-EFFICIENCY FRONT-END INTERFACE FOR THE VIBRATING-STRING STRAIN GAUGE SENSORS 284
1. Introduction 284
2. Basic principle 285
3. Interface description 285
4. Experimental results 287
References 287
SIGNAL CONDITIONING SYSTEM ANALYSIS FOR ADAPTIVE SIGNAL PROCESSING IN WIRELESS SENSORS 289
1. Introduction 289
2. Derivation of the extended SNR expression 290
3. Analysis: SNR surfaces levels 291
4. Conclusions 292
References 292
A 0.13µm CMOS FRONT-END FOR DRIFT CHAMBERS 293
1. Introduction 293
2. Circuit description 293
3. Measurements results 295
4. Conclusions 296
References 296
A NEW LASER TECHNOLOGY FOR AIR TRAFFIC MANAGEMENT 297
1. Introduction 297
2. Description of the system 298
3. Conclusion 300
Acknowledgments 300
References 300
A 100 MICROWATT ULTRA LOW-POWER CONTRAST-BASED ASYNCHRONOUS VISION SENSOR 301
1. Introduction 301
2. Principle of operation 302
3. Sensor architecture 303
4. Experimental results 304
5. Conclusions 304
References 304
A 32 × 32-CHANNELS CHIP FOR X-RAY PIXEL DETECTO RREAD-OUT 305
1. Introduction 305
2. Read-out chip 306
3. Experimental results 307
References 308
MENTAL TASKS RECOGNITION FOR A BRAIN/COMPUTER INTERFACE 309
1. Introduction 309
2. Sensor system 310
3. Preprocessing 310
4. Classifier 311
5. Experiments and results 311
6. Conclusions 312
References 312
SILICON INTEGRATED MICRO-BALANCES ARRAY FOR DNA HYBRIDIZATION ELECTRONIC DETECTION 313
1. Introduction 313
2. New approach description 314
2.1. Process flow steps 315
2.2. Simulation results 316
3. Conclusions 316
References 316
A FULLY INTEGRATED SYSTEM FOR SINGLE-SITE ELECTROPORATION AND ADDRESSED CELL DRUG DELIVERY 317
1. Introduction 317
2. Materials and methods 318
3. Experimental results 319
3.1. Microfluidics testing of MEAs 319
3.2. Device testing: polystyrene microbeads and cells dielectrophoretic experiments 319
4. Conclusions 320
Acknowledgments 320
References 320
A NOVEL BASED PROTEIN MICROARRAY FOR THE SIMULTANEOUS ANALYSIS OF ACTIVATED CASPASES 321
1. Introduction 321
2. Experimental 322
2.1. Protein chip platform 322
2.2. Apoptosis induction 322
2.3. Cell lysis and immunoblot 322
2.4. Protein spotting and microarraying 323
2.5. Caspase-3 assay 323
2.6. Scan and data analysis 323
3. Results 324
4. Conclusions 324
References 324
ELECTRORHEOLOGICAL FLUIDS BASED ON INORGANICNANOPARTICLES FOR ROBOTIC APPLICATIONS 325
1. Introduction 325
2. Rheometer design 325
2.1. Technical specifications 326
2.2. System layout 327
2.3. Management software 327
3. Robotic application 327
References 328
WIRELESS NANOTRANSDUCERS FOR IN-VIVO MEDICAL APPLICATIONS 329
1. Introduction 329
2. In-vivo applications of wireless nanotransducers 329
2.1. Wireless nanoheaters 330
2.2. Wireless nanotransducers for drug delivery 330
2.3. Wireless nanosensors 330
2.4. Wireless nanogenerators 330
3. Nanostructures for wireless transduction 331
4. Conclusions 332
References 332
DEVELOPMENT OF MEMS MICROCANTILEVER DETECTORS FOR DNA SINGLE NUCLEOTIDE POLYMORPHISM DETECTION IN AUTOIMMUNE DISEASES DIAGNOSTIC 333
1. Introduction 333
2. Design of MEMS-based cantilever arrays 334
3. Fabrication and functionalisation procedures 335
4. Conclusions 336
Acknowledgments 336
References 336
A NEW APPROACH FOR CMOS FABRICATION OF MICROCANTILEVER/NANOTIP SYSTEMS FOR PROBE-STORAGE APPLICATIONS 337
1. Introduction 337
2. A novel idea 338
3. Experimental results 339
4. Conclusions 340
Acknowledgments 340
References 340
CHARACTERIZATION AND TESTING OF A DOUBLE AXIS SCANNING MICROMIRROR 341
1. Introduction 341
2. ISIF platform 342
3. Fast characterization and test approach 342
4. Case study: micromirror characterization 343
5. Conclusions 344
References 344
A HIGH-VOLTAGE PWM CURRENT DRIVER FOR HOT-WIRE ANEMOMETERS 345
1. Introduction 345
2. Circuit description 347
3. Result of simulations 348
4. Conclusions 348
References 349
A MEMS PIEZORESISTIVE INCLINATION SENSOR WITHCMOS ASIC FRONT-END INTERFACE 350
1. Introduction 350
2. Sensor description 350
3. ASIC interface description 351
4. Experimental results 352
5. Conclusions 354
References 354
ACTIVELY CONTROLLED POWER CONVERSION TECHNIQUES FOR PIEZOELECTRIC ENERGY HARVESTING APPLICATIONS 355
1. Introduction and experimental setup 355
2. Description of the proposed circuits 356
3. Conclusions 358
Acknowledgments 359
References 359
FEM ANALYSIS OF PIEZOELECTRIC NANOSTRUCTURES FOR ENERGY HARVESTING 360
1. Introduction 360
2. FEM calculations 361
2.1. Top-bottom piezoelectric nanowire 361
2.2. Bottom-bottom piezoelectric nanowire 361
3. Vertical compression 362
4. Lateral stretching 363
5. Conclusions 363
References 363
PIEZO-POLYMER-FET DEVICES BASED TACTILE SENSORSFOR HUMANOID ROBOTS 364
1. Introduction 364
2. POSFET touch sensors – concept and implementation 365
3. Conclusions 366
Acknowledgments 367
References 367
INTEGRATED OPTOFLUIDIC MACH-ZEHNDERINTERFEROMETER 368
1. Introduction 368
2. Operating principles 369
3. Experimental results 370
4. Conclusions 371
References 371
INTELLIGENT WIRELESS E-NOSE FOR POWER SAVVYDISTRIBUTED CHEMICAL SENSING 372
1. Introduction 372
2. Experimental 373
3. Results and Conclusions 374
References 375
SMART RFID-LABEL FOR MONITORING THE PRESERVATION CONDITIONS OF FOOD 376
1. Introduction 376
2. Sensors and interface circuits 376
3. Power management 379
4. Wireless transceiver 379
5. Simulation results and conclusions 380
References 380
IMPROVING PIANO MUSIC TRANSCRIPTION BY ELMAN DYNAMIC NEURAL NETWORKS 381
1. Introduction 381
2. Audio data set 382
3. Spectral features 382
4. Note classification sensor interface 383
5. Conclusion and discussion 383
References 384
A MULTISENSOR SYSTEM FOR HIGH RELIABILITY PEOPLE FALL DETECTION IN HOME ENVIRONMENT 385
1. Introduction 385
2. System architecture 385
3. Fall detection algorithms 386
References 388
APPLICAT1 IONS 389
WESNEP: A WIRELESS ENVIRONMENTAL SENSOR NETWORK FOR PERMAFROST STUDIES 390
1. Introduction 390
1.1. Wireless sensor networks 390
1.2. Permafrost 391
2. The WESNEP project 391
2.1. Motivation 391
2.2. Architecture 392
3. Conclusions 393
References 393
A MULTI-PURPOSE WIRELESS SENSOR NETWORK BASEDON ZIGBEE TECHNOLOGY 394
1. Introduction 394
2. Hardware set-up 394
3. Network prototype set-up 396
4. Conclusions 397
Acknowledgments 397
References 397
A WIRELESS SENSORS SYSTEM FOR SPORT STUDIES 398
1. Introduction 398
2. Hardware set-up 398
3. Software set-up 400
4. Conclusions 400
References 401
A HIGH-VOLTAGE DRIVER FOR A SCANNINGMICROMIRROR 402
1. Introduction 402
2. Circuit description 403
3. Simulation results 404
4. Conclusions 405
References 405
SYSTEM STUDY FOR A HEAD-UP DISPLAY BASED ON A FLEXIBLE SENSOR INTERFACE 406
1. Introduction 406
2. Head-up displays 406
3. Proposed architecture 407
4. Conclusions 409
References 410
CAPACITIVE SENSOR SYSTEM FOR INVESTIGATION OF TWO-PHASE FLOW IN PIPES 411
1. Introduction 411
2. System description 412
3. Experimental results 413
4. Conclusions 414
References 414
SURFACE PLASMON RESONANCE IMAGINGFOR AFFINITY-BASED BIOSENSORS 416
1. Introduction 416
2. Experimental 417
2.1. A SPRi immunosensor for anti-bovine IgGs detection in milk 417
3. Conclusions 419
References 419
LASER BASED SCANNING SYSTEM FOR MONITORING ICE ACCRETION PHENOMENA ON HIGH VOLTAGE CONDUCTORS 420
1. Introduction 420
2. Principle of operation 420
3. Experimental activity 421
4. Conclusions 423
Acknowledgment 423
References 423
CAPACITIVE PROXIMITY SENSOR FOR CHAINSAW SAFETY 424
1. Introduction 424
2. Principle of operation 424
3. Realized electronics 425
4. Measurement results 426
5. Conclusions 427
References 427
AUTHOR INDEX 428