Molecular Diagnostics: Promises and Possibilities (eBook)
XX, 520 Seiten
Springer Netherland (Verlag)
978-90-481-3261-4 (ISBN)
A rapid development in diverse areas of molecular biology and genetic engineering resulted in emergence of variety of tools. These tools are not only applicable to basic researches being carried out world over, but also exploited for precise detection of abnormal conditions in plants, animals and human body. Although a basic researcher is well versed with few techniques used by him/her in the laboratory, they may not be well acquainted with methodologies, which can be used to work out some of their own research problems.
The picture is more blurred when the molecular diagnostic tools are to be used by physicians, scientists and technicians working in diagnostic laboratories in hospitals, industry and academic institutions. Since many of them are not trained in basics of these methods, they come across several gray areas in understanding of these tools. The accurate application of molecular diagnostic tools demands in depth understanding of the methodology for precise detection of the abnormal condition of living body.
To meet the requirements of a good book on molecular diagnostics of students, physicians, scientists working in agricultural, veterinary, medical and pharmaceutical sciences, it needs to expose the reader lucidly to:
- Give basic science behind commonly used tools in diagnostics
- Expose the readers to detailed applications of these tools and
- Make them aware the availability of such diagnostic tools
The book will attract additional audience of pathologists, medical microbiologists, pharmaceutical sciences, agricultural scientists and veterinary doctors if the following topics are incorporated at appropriate places in Unit II or separately as a part of Unit-III in the book.
- Molecular diagnosis of diseases in agricultural crops
- Molecular diagnosis of veterinary diseases.
- Molecular epidemiology, which helps to differentiate various epidemic strains and sources of disease outbreaks. Even in different units of the same hospital, the infections could be by different strains of the same species and the information becomes valuable for infection control strategies.
- Drug resistance is a growing problem for bacterial, fungal and parasitic microbes and the molecular biology tools can help to detect the drug resistance genes without the cultivation and in vitro sensitivity testing. Molecular diagnostics offers faster help in the selection of the proper antibiotic for the treatment of tuberculosis, which is a major problem of the in the developing world. The conventional culture and drug sensitivity testing of tuberculosis bacilli is laborious and time consuming, whereas molecular diagnosis offers rapid drug resistant gene detection even from direct clinical samples. The same approach for HIV, malaria and many more diseases needs to be considered.
- Molecular diagnostics in the detection of diseases during foetal life is an upcoming area in the foetal medicine in case of genetic abnormalities and infectious like TORCH complex etc.
The book will be equally useful to students, scientists and professionals working in the field of molecular diagnostics.
A rapid development in diverse areas of molecular biology and genetic engineering resulted in emergence of variety of tools. These tools are not only applicable to basic researches being carried out world over, but also exploited for precise detection of abnormal conditions in plants, animals and human body. Although a basic researcher is well versed with few techniques used by him/her in the laboratory, they may not be well acquainted with methodologies, which can be used to work out some of their own research problems. The picture is more blurred when the molecular diagnostic tools are to be used by physicians, scientists and technicians working in diagnostic laboratories in hospitals, industry and academic institutions. Since many of them are not trained in basics of these methods, they come across several gray areas in understanding of these tools. The accurate application of molecular diagnostic tools demands in depth understanding of the methodology for precise detection of the abnormal condition of living body. To meet the requirements of a good book on molecular diagnostics of students, physicians, scientists working in agricultural, veterinary, medical and pharmaceutical sciences, it needs to expose the reader lucidly to:Give basic science behind commonly used tools in diagnosticsExpose the readers to detailed applications of these tools and Make them aware the availability of such diagnostic toolsThe book will attract additional audience of pathologists, medical microbiologists, pharmaceutical sciences, agricultural scientists and veterinary doctors if the following topics are incorporated at appropriate places in Unit II or separately as a part of Unit-III in the book.Molecular diagnosis of diseases in agricultural cropsMolecular diagnosis of veterinary diseases.Molecular epidemiology, which helps to differentiate various epidemic strains and sources of disease outbreaks. Even in different units of the same hospital, the infections could be by different strains of the same species and the information becomes valuable for infection control strategies.Drug resistance is a growing problem for bacterial, fungal and parasitic microbes and the molecular biology tools can help to detect the drug resistance genes without the cultivation and in vitro sensitivity testing. Molecular diagnostics offers faster help in the selection of the proper antibiotic for the treatment of tuberculosis, which is a major problem of the in the developing world. The conventional culture and drug sensitivity testing of tuberculosis bacilli is laborious and time consuming, whereas molecular diagnosis offers rapid drug resistant gene detection even from direct clinical samples. The same approach for HIV, malaria and many more diseases needs to be considered.Molecular diagnostics in the detection of diseases during foetal life is an upcoming area in the foetal medicine in case of genetic abnormalities and infectious like TORCH complex etc.The book will be equally useful to students, scientists and professionals working in the field of molecular diagnostics.
Preface 5
Contents 8
1 Introduction to Molecular Diagnostics 20
1.1 Prologue 20
1.2 Clinical Diagnostics Entering a New Phase 21
1.3 Concept of Molecular Diagnostics 22
1.4 Molecular Diagnostic Technology and Health Care Industries 23
1.5 Molecular Diagnostic Approaches 25
1.5.1 Nucleic Acid Test Systems 26
1.5.2 Gene-Based Diagnostics 27
1.6 Conclusion 28
References 29
2 Omics Technology 30
2.1 Prologue 30
2.2 Concept of Omics 31
2.3 Genome and Genomics 32
2.4 Transcriptome and Transcriptomics 34
2.5 Proteome and Proteomics 36
2.6 Metabolome and Metabolomics 40
2.7 Integration of Omics 42
2.8 Conclusion 46
References 48
3 Recombinant DNA Pharmaceuticals 51
3.1 Prologue 51
3.2 Concept 52
3.3 Tools of Recombinant DNA Technology 53
3.3.1 Common Enzymes Used in Recombinant DNA Technology 54
3.3.2 Vectors 56
3.3.3 Hosts 56
3.3.3.0 1. Escherichia coli (E. coli) 57
3.3.3.0 2. Saccharomyces cerevisiae 57
3.3.3.0 3. Insect Cell Lines 58
3.3.3.0 4. Hybridoma Cell Lines 58
3.3.3.0 5. Hamster Cell Lines 58
3.3.3.0 6. Human Cell Lines 58
3.3.3.0 7. Transgenic Animals 59
3.3.3.0 8. Transgenic Plants 60
3.3.4 DNA Libraries 60
3.3.5 Library Screening 61
3.3.6 Polymerase Chain Reaction 62
3.3.7 Analysis of Cloned DNA Sequences 64
3.3.8 Expression of Cloned Genes 64
3.4 Therapeutic Applications of Recombinant DNA Derived Pharmaceuticals 65
3.4.1 Recombinant Therapeutic Proteins 65
3.4.2 Recombinant DNA Technology and Medicine 67
3.5 Conclusion 69
References 70
4 Aptamers: In Vitro DNA Selection 72
4.1 Prologue 72
4.2 Concept 72
4.3 Selection of Aptamers 74
4.4 Applications of DNA and RNA Aptamers 77
4.4.1 Aptamers for Detection of Pathogens 78
4.4.2 Aptamers for Therapy 79
4.4.3 Aptamers to Detect Change in Gene Expression 80
4.4.4 Aptamers as Diagnostics and Therapeutics 81
4.4.5 Aptamers as Radiopharmaceutical Tools 81
4.5 Conclusion 82
References 83
5 Reporter Gene 87
5.1 Prologue 87
5.2 Concept 87
5.3 Reporter Gene Assay 90
5.3.1 Luc Reporter Gene System 91
5.3.2 Ruc Reporter Gene System 92
5.3.3 Green Fluorescent Protein (GFP) Reporter Gene System 92
5.3.4 Human Growth Hormone (hGH) Reporter Gene System 93
5.3.5 Beta-Galactosidase Reporter Gene System 93
5.3.6 CAT Reporter Gene System 94
5.3.7 LacZ Reporter Gene System 94
5.3.8 GUS Reporter Gene System 95
5.4 Transformation and Transfection Assays 95
5.5 Gene Expression Assays 96
5.6 Promoter Assays 96
5.7 Role of Reporter Gene Assay in Molecular Diagnostics 96
5.8 Conclusion 98
References 98
6 Impact of HGP on Molecular Diagnostics 101
6.1 Prologue 101
6.2 Origin of the Human Genome Project 101
6.3 Goals and Issues of HGP 102
6.4 The Human Genome and Genetic Variation 104
6.5 Human Genome Project and Health Services 104
6.6 Single Gene Disease 105
6.7 New and Individualised Drug Treatments 106
6.8 The Achievements and Challenges of the HGP 107
6.9 Information Transfer 108
6.10 Impact of the Human Genome Project on Epidemiologic Research 109
6.11 Impact of the Human Genome Project on Our Genomic Makeup 110
6.12 Conclusion 111
References 112
7 Molecular Diagnosis in the Post Genomic and Proteomic Era 113
7.1 Prologue 113
7.2 The Genomic Era 113
7.3 Concept 114
7.4 The Post Genomic Era 117
7.5 Advantages of Combining Multiple Types of Data 118
7.6 Biomedical Research in the Postgenomic Era 120
7.7 Conclusion 122
References 123
8 Ethics, Patents and Regulations 126
8.1 Prologue 126
8.2 Concept of Ethical, Legal, and Social Issues 126
8.3 Ethical and Social Issues in Diagnostic Molecular Genetics 127
8.4 Confronting the Ethical, Legal and Social Issues 129
8.5 Genes and Disease 130
8.6 The Existence of Genetic Information 132
8.6.1 Genetic Treatment of Disease 134
8.6.2 Genetic Testing 135
8.6.3 Discrimination 137
8.7 Impact of the Human Genome Project at the Interface Between Patent and FDA Law 138
8.8 Regulatory Process 140
8.9 Conclusion 141
References 142
9 Polymerase Chain Reaction 143
9.1 Prologue 143
9.2 The Concept of Polymerase Chain Reaction 144
9.3 PCR Optimisation 146
9.3.1 Magnesium Concentration 146
9.3.2 Buffer Concentration 146
9.3.3 Enzyme Concentration 147
9.3.4 PCR Primer Design 147
9.3.5 Template Quality 147
9.3.6 Template Quantity 148
9.3.7 Cycling Parameter 148
9.3.8 PCR Enhancers and Additives 149
9.3.9 Nucleic Acid Cross-Contamination 149
9.4 Advances in the PCR Technique 150
9.4.1 RT-PCR 151
9.4.2 ''Hot Start'' PCR 151
9.4.3 Long Range PCR 152
9.4.4 Inverse PCR 152
9.4.5 Anchored PCR 152
9.4.6 Nested Primer PCR 153
9.4.7 Colony PCR 153
9.4.8 Quantitative PCR 153
9.4.9 Real-Time PCR 154
9.4.10 Rapid Amplification of cDNA Ends (RACE) 155
9.4.11 AFLP 155
9.4.12 In Situ PCR 156
9.5 Cloning PCR Products 156
9.5.1 T-A Cloning Strategy 156
9.5.2 Incorporation of Restriction Sites in Primers 157
9.6 PCR as a Diagnostic Tool 157
9.7 Conclusion 161
References 162
10 In Situ Hybridization 167
10.1 Prologue 167
10.2 The Concept of In Situ Hybridization 168
10.2.1 The Process 168
10.2.1.1 Preparation of Material 168
10.2.1.2 Choice of Probe 168
10.2.1.3 Probe Types 168
10.2.1.4 Labeling the Oligonucleotide 169
10.2.1.5 Detection 170
10.3 Disadavantages of Radioactive Probes 170
10.4 Solving the Problem: Advent of FISH Technique 170
10.4.1 Fluorescence In Situ Hybridization 171
10.4.2 FISH in Action 173
10.4.2.1 FISH with Metaphase Chromosome 173
10.4.2.2 FISH with Extended Chromosomes and DNA Fibers 174
10.5 Applications of FISH as a Diagnostic Tool for Research 174
10.5.1 To Analyze the Onset of Specific Gene Expression 175
10.5.2 Analysis of the Chromosome Structure 175
10.5.3 Localisation of RNA Transcripts 176
10.5.4 FISH as a Molecular Cytogenetic Technique to Understand Diseases 176
10.5.4.1 Microdeletion Syndromes 176
10.5.4.2 FISH For Oncology Screening 177
10.5.4.3 FISH Diagnosis of Prenatal, Post Natal and New Born Diseases 178
10.5.4.4 FISH in Diagnosing Neoplasia 178
10.5.5 FISH for Detection of Pathogens 179
10.6 Recent Advances of In Situ Hybridisation Technology 179
10.7 Conclusion 180
References 181
11 Immunoassay 184
11.1 Prologue 184
11.2 Concept 184
11.3 Types of Immunoassay 185
11.4 Recent Advances in the Field of Immunodiagnostics 187
11.5 Clinical Applications of Immunoassay 188
11.6 Utilization and Interpretation of Immunological Tests 190
11.7 Conclusion 191
References 191
12 Phage Display 194
12.1 Prologue 194
12.2 Concept 194
12.3 Phage-Display Libraries as Populations of Replicable, Mutable Chemicals 195
12.4 Practical Applications of Phage Display 197
12.4.1 Target Receptors Used in Affinity Selection 197
12.4.2 Epitope Mapping and Mimicking 198
12.4.3 Identifying New Receptors and Natural Ligands 199
12.4.4 Drug Discovery 199
12.4.5 Epitope Discovery -- A New Route to Vaccines and Diagnostics 200
12.4.6 Selection of DNA-Binding Proteins 201
12.4.7 Landscape Libraries as a Source of New Materials 202
12.4.8 Phage Display-Combinatorial Chemistry on the Cheap 203
12.4.9 Cloning Allergens by Phage Display 203
12.5 Conclusion 204
References 205
13 Microarray 206
13.1 Prologue 206
13.2 The Concept of Microarray 207
13.3 Current Challenges of Microarrays 211
13.3.1 Gene Discovery 212
13.3.2 Gene Expression Profiling 213
13.3.3 Pharmacogenomics and Microarray 215
13.3.4 Molecular Diagnostic Research 217
13.4 Conclusion 218
References 219
14 DNA Biosensors 222
14.1 Prologue 222
14.2 The Concept of DNA Biosensor 223
14.3 Applications of Biosensors 224
14.4 Advantages of Biosensors 225
14.5 Development of DNA Hybridization Biosensor 226
14.6 DNA Biosensor for Molecular Detection of Pathogens 230
14.7 Biosensors as Analytical Tools in the Food and Drink Industries 231
14.8 Potential of Biosensor for Environmental Monitoring 232
14.9 Conclusions Future Challenges 234
References 236
15 Molecular Microbiological Testing 239
15.1 Prologue 239
15.2 Concept 240
15.3 Advent of Improved Diagnostics 241
15.4 Traditional Microbial Typing 242
15.4.1 Biotyping 242
15.4.2 Antibiograms, Resistograms, and Bacteriocin Typing 243
15.4.3 Protein Analysis 243
15.4.4 Phage Analysis 243
15.4.5 Chromatographic Analysis 243
15.5 Nucleic Acid-Based Typing Systems 244
15.5.1 Plasmid Analysis 244
15.5.2 Restriction Enzyme Pattern 244
15.5.3 Ribotyping 244
15.5.4 Random Amplified Polymorphic DNA (RAPD) 244
15.5.5 Nucleic Acid Probes 245
15.5.6 Polymerase Chain Reaction 245
15.6 Current Application of Molecular Diagnostics 246
15.6.1 Clinical Microbiology 246
15.6.2 Clinical Epidemiology and Infection Control 249
15.7 Promise of Molecular Testing 250
15.8 Assay Validation-Analytic Sensitivity and Specificity 251
15.9 Conclusion 253
References 253
16 Proteomic Technology 256
16.1 Prologue 256
16.2 Concept 257
16.3 Methods to Perform Proteomic Analysis 258
16.3.0 (a) Expression Proteomics 259
16.3.0 (b) Bioinformatics Analysis 259
16.4 Functional Proteomics 259
16.5 Implications of the Human Genome Project 260
16.6 Measurement Using a Proteomic Approach 262
16.7 Use of Mass Spectrometry in Proteomics 263
16.8 Proteomics: From Basic Research to Diagnostic Application 264
16.9 Role of In Vitro Diagnostics (IVD) in Health Care 265
16.10 Goals of Proteomics 268
16.11 Conclusion 269
References 270
17 Nanomedicine 271
17.1 Prologue 271
17.2 Concept 272
17.3 Nanotechnology in Medicine 274
17.3.1 Use of Quantum Dots 275
17.3.2 Cell Targeting 276
17.3.3 New Nanocarriers for Drug Delivery 277
17.3.4 Gene Therapy 280
17.3.5 Molecular Medicine 282
17.3.6 Construction of Nanostructure Template 283
17.3.7 Targeting Drugs to Cells 284
17.4 Nanodiagnostics 286
17.5 Molecular Electronics 288
17.6 Nanotechnology Biosensor for Pathogen Detection 289
17.7 Nanotechnology Composite Materials for Next Generation Biomedical Applications 290
17.8 A Carbon Nanotube Biosensor 291
17.9 Conclusion Future Directions 292
References 293
18 Biomarkers 297
18.1 Prologue 297
18.2 Concept of Biomarkers 298
18.3 Biomarkers on the Horizon 299
18.3.1 DNA Biomarkers 300
18.3.2 RNA Biomarkers 300
18.3.3 Protein Biomarkers 301
18.3.3.1 Identifying Candidate Protein Biomarkers 302
18.4 New Applications for Established Biomarkers 304
18.4.1 Development Pathways 305
18.4.2 Identification of Biomarkers 305
18.4.3 Chronology of Biomarker Development 306
18.4.4 Role of Biomarkers in Cancer Detection, Diagnosis, and Prognosis 307
18.4.5 Biomarkers in Cancer Therapy 309
18.4.6 Biomarkers in Early Detection 312
18.4.7 Biomarkers in Risk Assessment 312
18.5 Organization of a Program in Protein Biomarker Discovery 313
18.5.1 Cancer Site Teams 314
18.5.2 Biomarker Mines 314
18.5.3 Informatics Platform 315
18.5.4 Reagents Core 315
18.5.5 Incorporating Technology Improvements 316
18.6 Conclusion 316
References 317
19 Diagnosis and Monitoring of Infections 319
19.1 Prologue 319
19.2 Concept of Diagnosis and Monitoring of Infections 320
19.2.1 Detection and Identification of Pathogens Without Target Amplification 321
19.2.2 Nucleic Acid Amplification 322
19.2.3 Detecting Antimicrobial-Drug Resistance 324
19.3 Molecular Diagnostics of Infections 324
19.3.1 Sexually Transmitted Infections 326
19.3.2 Vector Borne Disease 328
19.3.3 Viral Infections 328
19.3.4 Bacterial Infections 331
19.3.5 Fungal Infections 333
19.3.6 Practical Applications of Molecular Methods in the Clinical Microbiology Laboratory 333
19.3.6.1 Molecular Epidemiology 334
19.3.6.2 Financial Considerations 335
19.3.6.3 Challenges and Opportunities 337
19.4 Conclusion 337
References 338
20 Diagnosis of Mutation and Genetic Disorders 341
20.1 Prologue 341
20.2 Concept 341
20.3 Factors Regulating a Genetic Disease 343
20.4 Genetic Testing 344
20.4.1 Cytogenetic Testing 344
20.4.2 Biochemical Testing 345
20.4.3 Molecular Testing 346
20.5 Current Status of Molecular Diagnosis of Some Common Genetic Diseases 346
20.5.1 Cystic Fibrosis 347
20.5.2 Duchenne Muscular Dystrophy 348
20.5.3 Haemophilia A 348
20.5.4 Haemophilia B 348
20.5.5 Phenylketonuria 349
20.5.6 Thalassaemia 349
20.5.7 Wilson's Disease (Hepatolenticular Degeneration) 349
20.5.8 Antitrypsin Deficiency 350
20.5.9 Familial Hypercholesterolaemia and Other Lipoprotein Disorders 350
20.5.10 Huntington's Disease Gene 350
20.5.11 Multiple Endocrine Neoplasia 351
20.5.12 Factor V (Leiden) Mutation 352
20.5.13 Hemochromatosis Gene, HFE 352
20.5.14 Colon Cancer Gene, APC 353
20.6 Microarray Analysis for Detection of Complex Pattern of Genes 353
20.7 Conclusion 354
References 354
21 Diagnosis of Complex Diseases 356
21.1 Prologue 356
21.2 Concept 356
21.3 Background Information 358
21.4 Detecting New Metabolic Disease Pathways 359
21.5 Phenotypic Variations in Simplex Diseases 359
21.6 The Genetic Background of Complex Disorders 360
21.7 Dissecting Interactions Between Genes and Environment 360
21.7.1 Alzheimer Disease 362
21.7.2 Cancer 365
21.7.3 Multiple Sclerosis 369
21.7.4 Diabetes 372
21.7.5 Hemophilia 373
21.7.6 Obesity 376
21.7.7 Schizophrenia 379
21.8 Conclusion 383
References 384
22 Biochips 392
22.1 Prologue 392
22.2 Concept 392
22.3 Design of Biochip 393
22.4 Applications of Biochips 394
22.4.1 Biochip and Clinical Medicine 395
22.4.2 Biochips and Biosensors 396
22.4.3 Biochip and Pharmacogenetics 396
22.4.4 Biochip and Biowarfare 397
22.4.5 Biochip and Diagnostics 397
22.4.6 Biochip and Cancer 398
22.4.7 Biochip Department of Defense 398
22.5 Biochip Market 399
22.6 Future of Biochips 399
References 400
23 Personalised Medicine 402
23.1 Prologue 402
23.2 Concept 403
23.3 Practice of Medicine in the Twenty-First Century 404
23.4 Role of Personalized Medicine in Drug Discovery 405
23.5 Molecular Diagnosis Will Determine Prognosis and Therapy 408
23.6 Personalized Medicine and Genetic Markers 409
23.7 Challenges of Realizing the Promise of Personalized Medicine 410
23.8 Personalised Medicine and Pharmacogenomics 412
23.9 Personalized Medicine and Diseases 415
23.10 Personalized Medicine and Diagnostics Industry 415
23.11 Impact of the US Patent System on the Promise of Personalized Medicine 417
23.12 Ethical Legal and Social Issues of Personalised Medicine 418
23.13 Conclusion 419
References 419
24 Biopharmaceutical Industry and Health Care 422
24.1 Prologue 422
24.2 Concept 423
24.3 Biopharmaceutical Research 424
24.4 Opportunities in Healthcare 425
24.5 Molecular Diagnostics and Health Care 426
24.6 Global Context 427
24.7 Emerging Biopharmaceuticals 429
24.8 Challenges of the Biopharmaceutical Industry 432
References 433
25 Forensic Medicine 434
25.1 Prologue 434
25.2 Concept 435
25.3 Forensic Medicine and DNA Fingerprinting 437
25.4 Applications of DNA Methylation Markers in Forensic Medicine 439
25.5 Forensic Medicine and Anthropometry 440
25.6 Clinical Forensic Medicine 441
25.7 Conclusion 442
References 442
26 Pharmacogenomics 444
26.1 Prologue 444
26.2 Concept 444
26.3 Predicting Drug Response on Gene Variation 445
26.4 Drug Development and Testing Benefit from Pharmacogenomics 446
26.5 Applications and Benefits of Pharmacogenomics 447
26.5.1 Better, Safer Drugs the First Time 447
26.5.2 More Accurate Methods of Determining Appropriate Drug Dosages 447
26.6 Benefits of Pharmacogenomic Testing 448
26.6.1 Patient's Ability to Metabolize Drugs 448
26.6.2 Age-Related Genetic Variations 449
26.7 Recent Reports of Pharmacogenomics Use 449
26.8 Interpreting Pharmacogenomic Tests 451
26.9 Barriers to Pharmacogenomics Progress 452
26.10 The Promise of Pharmacogenomics 453
26.11 Impact of Drug Discovery, Development, and Marketing Affected by Pharmacogenomics 455
26.12 Pharmacogenomics Initiatives 457
26.13 Pharmacogenomics and the Pharmaceutical Industry 457
26.14 Applied Pharmacogenetics 458
26.15 Ethical Concerns 459
26.16 Molecular Diagnostic Methods for Optimizing Drug Therapy 460
26.17 Challenges for the Future 461
References 462
27 Gene Technology in Forensic Sciences 464
27.1 Prologue 464
27.2 Concept 464
27.3 DNA Typing and Genetic Markers 465
27.4 DNA Based Methods for Identification of Individuals 468
27.4.1 Non-PCR Based Methods 468
27.4.2 PCR Based Methods 469
27.5 Ethical, Legal, and Social Concerns About DNA Databanking 472
27.6 Future of DNA Typing Systems 472
References 473
28 Food Diagnostics 475
28.1 Prologue 475
28.2 Concept 475
28.3 Tools of Molecular Diagnostics to Assess Food Quality 476
28.4 Food Allergy 477
28.5 Food-Borne Disease 478
28.6 Commercial Rapid Food-Safety Diagnostics 479
28.7 Methods for Analysis of Food 480
28.7.1 Rapid Methods 481
28.7.1.1 Rapid Biochemical Identification Techniques 481
28.7.1.2 Antibody-Based Methods 482
28.7.1.3 Immunomagnetic Separation 482
28.7.1.4 Nucleic Acid-Based Assays 483
28.7.1.5 Amplification-Based Methods 483
28.8 Future Technologies 484
28.8.1 Microarrays 484
28.8.2 Sensor Technology 485
28.8.3 Flow Cytometry 486
28.8.4 Bacteriophage-Based Techniques 486
28.8.5 Riboprinting and Pulse-Field Gel Electrophoresis 487
28.8.6 Applications and Limitations of Rapid Methods 487
28.9 Business Outlook of Food Diagnostics 487
28.10 Conclusion 488
References 489
29 Rapid Diagnostic Methods for Biowarfare 491
29.1 Prologue 491
29.2 Concept 492
29.3 Characteristics of Biological Weapons 493
29.3.1 Anthrax 495
29.3.2 Plague 495
29.3.3 Tularemia 495
29.3.4 Melioidosis 496
29.3.5 Viral Hemorrhagic Fevers 496
29.3.6 Other Viral Fevers 496
29.3.7 Trichothecene Mycotoxins 496
29.3.8 Aflatoxin 497
29.3.8.1 Ricin 497
29.3.8.2 Fusarium oxysporum 497
29.4 Biodefense 497
29.4.1 Viral Agents -- Poxviridae 498
29.4.2 Botulinal Toxins 498
29.4.3 Mycotoxins 499
29.5 Combating Detection of Biowarfare Agents 499
29.5.1 Prophylatic & Therapeutic Approaches
29.5.2 Detection Methods 503
29.6 Impact of Biological Weapons 503
29.7 Tools for Self Defence Against Bioweapons 504
29.8 Genetic Engineering and Biological Warfare 505
29.9 Impact of Genomics and Genetic Technology 507
29.10 Conclusion 508
References 508
30 Segments of Molecular Diagnostics Market Place 511
30.1 Prologue 511
30.2 Concept 512
30.3 Market Drivers 514
30.4 Trends in Infectious Diseases Testing Market 514
30.5 Trends in Cancer Diagnostic Testing World Markets 515
30.6 Trends in Cardiac Marker Diagnostic Testing Markets 516
30.7 Point of Care Diagnostic Testing World Markets 516
30.8 Next Generation Molecular Diagnostics 517
30.9 The Rise of Companion Diagnostics 517
30.10 Market Considerations and Forecasts 518
30.11 References 520
Index 522
| Erscheint lt. Verlag | 29.1.2010 |
|---|---|
| Zusatzinfo | XX, 520 p. |
| Verlagsort | Dordrecht |
| Sprache | englisch |
| Themenwelt | Medizin / Pharmazie ► Medizinische Fachgebiete ► Innere Medizin |
| Studium ► 1. Studienabschnitt (Vorklinik) ► Biochemie / Molekularbiologie | |
| Studium ► 1. Studienabschnitt (Vorklinik) ► Physiologie | |
| Studium ► 2. Studienabschnitt (Klinik) ► Anamnese / Körperliche Untersuchung | |
| Naturwissenschaften ► Biologie | |
| Technik | |
| Schlagworte | Biochip • biochips • Biosensor • Cloning • Diagnostics • Expression • gene expression • Genetic Engineering • Instrumentation • Metabolic disease • Methodology • microarray • Polymerasekettenreaktion • Reaction |
| ISBN-10 | 90-481-3261-4 / 9048132614 |
| ISBN-13 | 978-90-481-3261-4 / 9789048132614 |
| Haben Sie eine Frage zum Produkt? |
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