Zero-Carbon Energy Kyoto 2009 (eBook)

Preface 5
Contents 7
What Can We Learn from Photosynthesis About How to Convert Solar Energy into Fuels? 15
1 Introduction 15
2 What Is Photosynthesis? 16
3 Concept of the Artificial Leaf 17
4 Outlook for the Future 20
References 20
Renaissance of Nuclear Energy in the USA: Opportunities, Challenges and Future Research Needs 22
1 Introduction 22
2 Opportunities and Challenges for Nuclear Energy in the USA 24
2.1 Financial Challenges 26
3 Future Needs 28
3.1 Nuclear Engineering Education 28
4 Summary 30
References 31
Eco-Friendly Production of Biodiesel by Utilizing Solid Base Catalysis of Calcium Oxide for Reaction to Convert Vegetable Oil 32
1 Introduction 32
2 Materials and Methods 33
3 Results and Discussion 35
3.1 Catalytic Activity 35
3.2 Mechanism on the Catalytic Reaction 36
3.3 Performance of the Practical Catalyst 39
4 Conclusion 39
References 40
g..-Ferric Oxide./.Carbon Composite Synthesized by Aqueous Solution Method as a Cathode for Lithium-Ion Batteries 42
1 Introduction 42
2 Experimental 44
3 Results and Discussion 44
3.1 Characterization 44
3.2 Electrochemical Measurements 45
3.3 Structural Change Induced by Li Insertion 47
3.4 Rapid Discharge and Charge Property 48
References 49
Morphology Control of TiO.2.-Based Nanomaterials for Sustainable Energy Applications 50
1 Introduction 50
2 TiO.2. Aerogel./.TiO.2. Nanowire Composite 51
3 N-Doped TiO.2. by Plasma Processing for Visible-Light Sensitive Photocatalysts 51
4 Titanate Nanowire Thin-Film (Spray LbL Process) 53
5 Further Studies on Various TiO.2.-Based Nanomaterials 54
References 55
New Material Processing and Evaluation for TiO.2. by Microwave and Mid-Infrared Light Techniques 57
1 Introduction 57
2 Carbon-Modified TiO.2. by Microwave Irradiation Technique 58
3 Surface Reduced TiO.2. by MW Atomic Oxygen Plasma Technique 59
4 Further Studies of the Development of Material Evaluation System by MIR-FEL 61
References 63
Construction of the Functional Biomolecules with the Ribonucleopeptide Complexes 64
1 Introduction 64
2 Results and Discussion 65
3 Conclusions 67
References 67
High-Pr Heat Transfer in Viscoelastic Drag-Reducing Turbulent Channel Flow 69
1 Introduction 69
2 Numerical Condition and DNS Procedure 70
3 Results and Discussion 71
3.1 Drag Reduction 71
3.2 Heat Transfer Reduction 71
3.3 Comparison of Drag and Heat Transfer Reduction 73
4 Conclusions 74
References 75
Current Status of Accelerator-Driven System with High-Energy Protons in Kyoto University Critical Assembly 76
1 Introduction 76
2 Accelerator-Driven System with 100 Mev Protons 77
2.1 First Proton Injection Experiment 77
2.2 Reaction Rate Distribution Comparison 80
3 Concluding Remarks 81
References 81
Toward Education for Collaboration Between Different Fields: An Experiment of Facilitation Viewpoints Utilization for Reflectin 84
1 Introduction 84
2 Method 85
3 Experiment 86
4 Conclusion 87
References 87
The Impact of Wind Power Generation on Wholesale Electricity Price at Peak Time Demand in Korea 88
1 Introduction 88
2 A Methodology 89
3 Result 90
4 Conclusion 92
References 92
An Analysis of Eco-Efficiency in Korean Fossil-Fueled Power Plants Using DEA 94
1 Introduction 94
2 Eco-Efficiency 95
3 A CCR Model of DEA 95
4 Methodology and Data 96
5 Result of Evaluation 97
6 Conclusion 98
References 98
An Analysis of Energy Efficiency Using DEA: A Comparison of Korean and Japanese Economic Regions 99
1 Introduction 99
2 Methodology and Data Description 100
3 Empirical Results 101
4 Conclusion 101
References 104
The Role of Nuclear Power in Energy Security and Climate Change in Vietnam 105
1 Introduction 105
2 The Challenge of Sustainable Energy Supply 106
3 Plan for Nuclear Power Development and Identification of Barriers to Vietnam’s Nuclear Power Development 107
4 Korean Experiences 108
5 Implications and Conclusions 109
References 109
Opportunities and Challenges of Renewable Energy and Distributed Generation Promotion for Rural Electrification in Indonesia 111
1 Introduction 111
2 Opportunities of Renewable Energy and Distributed Generation 112
3 Challenges of Renewable Energy and Distributed Generation 114
4 Concluding Remarks 115
References 115
Wind Power Generation’s Impact on Peak Time Demand and on Future Power Mix 117
1 Introduction 117
2 Simulation for Analyzing the Impact of Wind Power Generation on Peak Time Power Supply and SCM 118
2.1 Assumptions for Simulation 118
2.2 Analyzing Peak Time Impact of Wind Power 119
2.3 Analyzing the Impact of Wind Power on Power Mix Using SCM 119
3 Conclusion 120
References 121
Development of LiPb–SiC High Temperature Blanket 122
1 Introduction 122
2 Measurement Method 123
2.1 A Model to Design LiPb Route 123
2.2 MHD Tests at LiPb Loop 124
3 Results and Discussion 125
3.1 The Design and MHD by Shape of Blanket 125
3.2 MHD at the Test Section 126
4 Conclusions 126
References 127
Lipid-Domain-Selective Assembly of Photosynthetic Membrane Proteins into Solid-Supported Membranes 130
1 Introduction 131
2 Materials and Methods 131
2.1 Materials 131
2.2 Liposome Preparation 132
2.3 Microscopic Analyses 132
2.4 Formation of Planar Lipid Bilayer on a Coverslip 132
3 Results and Discussion 132
3.1 Reconstitution of Photosynthetic Membrane Proteins into Liposomes 132
3.2 Formation of the Continuous Planar Membrane Supported on an APS-Modified Coverglass 133
3.3 Lipid-Domain-Selective Assembly of LH2 and LH1-RC 134
4 Conclusion 135
References 135
Light-Induced Transmembrane Electron Transfer Catalyzed by Phospholipid-Linked Zn Chlorophyll Derivatives on Electrodes 136
1 Introduction 136
2 Experimental Section 137
2.1 Materials 137
2.2 Synthesis of PE-C..n..-ZnPChlide .a 137
2.3 Preparation of PE-C..n..-ZnPChlide .a. on an Electrode Modified with Lipid Bilayers 138
2.4 Photocurrent Measurement 138
3 Results and Discussion 138
3.1 Synthesis of PE-C..n..-ZnPChlide .a 138
3.2 Light-Induced Electron Transfer of PE-C..n..-ZnPChlide .a. in Egg PC Bilayers on ITO Electrodes 139
4 Conclusions 140
References 141
Raman Spectroscopic Studies on Silicon Electrodeposition in a Room-Temperature Ionic Liquid 142
1 Introduction 142
2 Experimental 143
3 Results and Discussion 144
3.1 Raman Spectroscopy of SiCl.4.-TMHATFSA Electrolytes 144
3.2 In situ Raman Spectroscopy 145
4 Conclusion 146
References 146
DC Connected Hybrid Offshore-Wind and Tidal Turbine Generation System 148
1 Introduction 148
2 Wind Turbine and Result 149
3 Tidal Turbine and Result 151
4 HOTT System 152
5 Control System 154
6 HOTT Advantage 156
7 Conclusion 156
References 156
Primary Pyrolysis and Secondary Reaction Behaviors as Compared Between Japanese Cedar and Japanese Beech Wood in an Ampoule Re 158
1 Introduction 158
2 Experimental 159
3 Results and Discussion 159
3.1 Gas, Tar, Char and Water Formation Behaviors 159
3.2 Polysaccharide- and Lignin-Derived Tar Analysis 160
3.3 Gas Analysis 161
4 Conclusions 161
References 162
Some Low-Temperature Phenomena of Cellulose Pyrolysis 163
1 Introduction 163
2 Experimental 164
3 Results and Discussion 164
3.1 Preparation of Alcohol-Treated Cellulose as a Model with Less Number of Reducing Ends 164
3.2 Color Formation 165
3.3 Weight-Loss Behavior 165
4 Conclusions 167
References 167
Rotational Temperature Measurementsin a Molecular Beam with High-Order Harmonic Generation 168
References 172
Chemical Conversion of Lignocellulosics as Treated by Two-Step Hot-Compressed Water 173
1 Introduction 174
2 Experimental 174
3 Results and Discussion 174
3.1 Effect of Treatment Temperatures on Hydrolysis of Cellulose and Hemicellulose 174
3.2 Two-Step Semi-Flow Hot-Compressed Water Treatment 175
4 Conclusions 177
References 177
Method for Improving Oxidation Stability of Biodiesel 178
1 Introduction 178
2 Materials and Methods 179
3 Results and Discussion 179
3.1 Effect of Temperature and Antioxidant Concentration on Oxidation Stability 179
3.2 Kinetics on Oxidation of Biodiesel as Stabilized with Propyl Gallate 179
3.3 Improvement of the Oxidation Stability of Biodiesel as Prepared by Supercritical Methanol Method with Lignin 181
4 Conclusions 182
References 182
Construction of the Artificial Enzyme for Using Solar Energy 183
1 Introduction 183
2 The Secondary Structure Analyses of An16/Rev Complex 185
3 Conclusions 186
References 187
Development of Fluorescent Ribonucleopeptide-Based Sensors for Biologically Active Amines 188
1 Introduction 188
2 Result and Discussion 189
3 Conclusion 192
References 192
Light Energy Induced Fluorescence Switching Based on Novel Photochromic Nucleosides 193
1 Introduction 193
2 Results and Discussion 194
3 Conclusions 196
References 196
Development of Nanocrystalline Co–Cu Alloys for Energy Applications 198
1 Introduction 198
2 Experimental 199
3 Results and Discussion 199
4 Conclusions 200
References 201
Investigation of SI-CI Combustion with Low Octane Number Fuels and Hydrogen using a Rapid Compression/Expansion Machine 202
1 Introduction 202
2 Experimental Setup 203
3 Results and Discussions 204
4 Conclusions 206
References 207
Comparison Between the Hexaboride Materials as Thermionic Cathode in the RF Guns for a Compact MIR-FEL Driver 209
1 Introduction 209
2 Back-Bombardment Electrons 210
3 Cathode Materials and Calculation Method 211
3.1 Hexaboride Materials 211
3.2 Thermionic Emission Properties 212
3.3 The Range and Stopping Power 213
4 Results and Discussions 213
5 Conclusions 216
References 217
Indicators for Evaluating Phase Stability During Mechanical Milling 218
1 Introduction 218
2 Candidate Indicators 219
3 Evaluation of Indicators 220
4 Summary 221
References 221
The Study of CO.2. Fixation in Spent Oil Sand Under the Different Temperature and Pressure 223
1 Introduction 223
2 Experiment Methods 224
2.1 Investigation on Physical Properties and Pretreatment in Spent Oil Sand 224
2.2 CO.2. Fixation Experiments Dependent on Temperature and Pressure Change 224
3 Experimental Result and Consideration 225
3.1 Basic Properties of Spent Oil Sand 225
3.2 Carbonation Reactivity of Spent Oil Sand Dependent on Temperature Change 226
3.3 Carbonation Reactivity of Spent Oil Sand Under the Change of Pressure 226
4 Conclusion 227
References 228
The Study on Characteristics Upgraded Low Rank Coal (Lignite-IBC) by Changed Temperature and Particle Size 229
1 Introduction 229
2 Experimental 230
3 Result 231
3.1 Effect on Dewatering Dependent on Temperature 231
3.2 Effect on Dewatering Dependent on Drying Time 232
3.3 Effect on Dewatering Dependent on Particle Size 232
3.4 Effect on Dewatering Pore Structure 234
4 Conclusion 234
References 235
Energy Efficiency of Combined Heat and Power Systems 236
1 Introduction 236
2 Analytical Framework 237
3 Results of the Energy Efficiency Analysis 238
4 Conclusion 238
References 240
Behavior of a Boron-Doped Diamond Electrode in Molten Chlorides Containing Oxide Ion 241
1 Introduction 241
2 Experimental 242
3 Results and Discussion 243
3.1 Oxygen Gas Evolution on the BDD Electrode in Molten Chlorides 243
3.2 Electrochemical Stability of the BDD Electrode in a LiCl–KCl Eutectic Melt 244
3.3 Dependence of the Stability on the Melt Composition 244
4 Conclusion 245
References 246
An Algorithm for Automatic Generation of Fault Tree from MFM Model 248
1 Introduction 248
2 Translation Algorithm 249
3 Application and Analysis 251
4 Conclusions 252
References 252
A Method of Generating GO-Flow Models from MFM Models 253
1 Introduction 253
2 Conversion Method 254
3 Application and Analysis 254
4 Conclusions 254
References 258
Functional Modeling of Perspectives on the Example of Electric Energy Systems 259
1 Introduction 259
2 Functional Modeling with MFM 260
2.1 Underlying MFM Concepts 261
2.1.1 Actions, Roles and Functions 261
2.1.2 Flow Structures and Control Structures 262
2.1.3 Perspectives and Views 263
3 MFM Model of Energy System Balancing 263
4 Conclusion 265
References 265
Mechanical Properties and Microstructure of SiC/SiC Composites Fabricated for Erosion Component 266
1 Introduction 266
2 Experimental Procedures 267
3 Result and Discussion 268
4 Concluding Remarks 269
References 270
Diffusion Bonding of Tungsten to Reduced Activation Ferritic/Martensitic Steel F82H Using a Titanium Interlayer 271
1 Introduction 271
2 Experimental Procedures 272
3 Results and Discussion 273
3.1 Interfacial Microstructure Analysis 273
3.2 Shear Strength Evaluation and Fracture Surface Observation 275
4 Conclusions 277
References 277
The Simulation of Corium Dispersion in Direct Containment Heating Accidents 279
1 Introduction 279
2 Model and Calculation Method 280
2.1 Description of the Model 280
2.2 The Improvement of the Model 280
2.3 Calculation Method 282
3 Calculation Results 282
4 Conclusion 283
References 283
Study on Three-Dimensional Thermal Hydraulic Simulation of Reactor Core Based on THEATRe Code 284
1 Introduction 284
2 Mathematical Model and Node Dividing 285
3 Simulation Results 286
3.1 Evaluation of the Coupling Module of Core Regions and NSSS Region 286
3.2 Flow Distribution 286
3.3 3D Distributions of Parameters 288
3.4 Transient Process of the Simulation System 289
4 Conclusions 289
References 290
Study on Turbine System of Nuclear Power Plant Based on RELAP5/MOD3.4 Code 291
1 Introduction 291
2 Introduction of the Model and Node Dividing 292
2.1 Steam Turbine 292
2.2 Condenser 292
2.3 Condensate Pump 293
3 Transient Analyses 294
4 Conclusion 295
References 296
Analysis of Instability in Narrow Annular Multi-channel System Based on RELAP5 Code 297
1 Introduction 297
2 Influence Factors for the Flow Instability 298
2.1 Research Method 298
2.2 Qualification of the Nodalization 299
2.3 Influence of Number of Heated Channels 300
3 Results for the Twin-Channel System 300
3.1 Effect of Inlet and Outlet Throttling 300
3.2 The Influence of Inlet and Rising Sections 301
3.3 Effect of System Pressure 301
3.4 Effects of Inlet Subcooling 303
4 Conclusions 304
References 304
Development of Ultrafast Pulse X-ray Source in Ambient Pressure with a Millijoule High Repetition Rate Femtosecond Laser 305
1 Introduction 305
2 Experimental 307
3 Results and Discussion 309
4 Conclusion 309
References 310
Development of Small Specimen Technique to Evaluate Ductile–Brittle Transition Behavior of a Welded Reactor Pressure Vessel St 311
1 Introduction 311
2 Experiments 312
3 Results and Discussion 312
3.1 Effects of Specimen Size on the Impact Properties 312
3.2 Effects of Notch Location on the Impact Properties 313
4 Conclusions 313
References 314
Research on Distributed Monitoring and Prediction System for Nuclear Power Plant 315
1 Introduction 315
2 Methodology 316
2.1 Distributed Strategy 316
2.2 Elman Recurrent Networks 316
3 Design Functions and Contents of Monitoring and Prediction System 317
3.1 System Structure 317
3.2 Neural Network for Prediction 318
4 Performance Testing 318
5 Conclusion 318
References 319
Multiple Scale Nonlinear Phenomena in Nature: From High Confinement in Fusion Plasma to Climate Anomalies 320
1 Introduction 320
2 Nonlinear Anomalies of the Climate Change 321
3 Nonlinearities in High Temperature Plasmas 322
4 Conclusion 324
References 324
The Electric Properties of InSb Crystals for Radiation Detector 325
1 Introduction 325
2 Experiment 326
3 Results and Discussion 326
4 Conclusions 328
References 328
Kinetic Transport Simulation of ICRF Heating in Tokamak Plasmas 329
1 Introduction 329
2 Model of Fokker–Planck Analysis 330
3 Calculation Results 330
4 Conclusion 334
References 334
Electrochemical Study of Neodymium Ions in Molten Chlorides 335
1 Introduction 335
2 Experimental 336
3 Result and Discussion 336
3.1 Reduction Process of Nd.3+ 336
3.2 Diffusion Coefficient of Nd.3+ 337
3.3 The Formal Potentials of Redox Couples 338
References 338
A New Numerical Approach of Kinetic Simulation for Complex Plasma Dynamics: Application to Fusion and Astrophysical Plasmas 339
1 Introduction 339
2 Calculation Model and Applied New Algorism 340
3 Local Entropy Production and Associated Zonal Flows Formation 341
4 Conclusion 343
References 343
Relationship Between Microstructure and Mechanical Property of Transient Liquid Phase Bonded ODS Steel 344
1 Introduction 344
2 Experimental Procedure 345
3 Results and Discussion 346
3.1 Microstructures of the Joint Region 346
3.2 Tensile Property of the Joint 348
4 Conclusion 349
References 349
Nondestructive Testing of NITE-SiC Ceramics for Fusion Reactor Application 351
1 Introduction 351
2 Experimental Method 352
2.1 Specimens and Inspection Direction 352
2.2 Apparatus and C-Scan Method 352
3 Results and Discussion 354
4 Conclusion 357
References 358
Numerical Simulation on Subcooled Pool Boiling 359
1 Introduction 359
2 Numerical Simulations 360
3 Improvements of Phase-Change Model 362
4 Conclusions 363
References 364
Framework of a Risk Monitor System for Nuclear Power Plant 365
1 Introduction 365
2 Multilevel Flow Models 366
3 Framework of Risk Monitor System 367
4 Conclusions 368
References 368
Dynamic Reliability Analysis by GO-FLOW for ECCS System of PWR Nuclear Power Plant 369
1 Introduction 369
2 Modelling ECCS by GO-FLOW 370
3 Reliability Analysis of ECCS Under LOCA Accident 370
3.1 Time Point Settings 370
3.2 Reliability Analysis 370
4 Conclusions 370
References 373
Prior Evaluation Method of User Interface Design 374
1 Introduction 374
2 Functional Simulation Method 375
3 Evaluation Algorithm 375
4 Instance of Prior Evaluation Method 376
5 Conclusions 376
References 377
Consideration of Alumina Coating Fabricated by Sol–Gel Method for PbLi Flow 378
1 Introduction 379
2 Al2 O 3 Coating by Sol–Gel Method 380
3 Electrical Insulating Test of Al.2.O.3. Coating 380
4 Results and Discussion 381
5 Conclusion 383
References 383
Feasibility Study on Introducing Building Integrated Photovoltaic System in China and Analysis of the Promotion Policies 385
1 Introduction 385
2 Current Status of PV System Adoption in China 386
3 Evaluation Method and Case Study 386
4 Results and Discussions 386
4.1 Economic Analysis of PV Adoption 386
4.2 Effect of Government Subsidies 387
4.3 Effect of Electricity Buy-back 387
5 Conclusions 388
References 389
Author Index 390
Keyword Index 393