Amino Acid Biosynthesis – Pathways, Regulation and Metabolic Engineering (eBook)

Preface 6
References 8
Contents 9
Production of Glutamate and Glutamate- Related Amino Acids: MolecularMechanism Analysis and Metabolic Engineering 11
1 Glutamate 12
2 Short Review of Glutamine and Proline Production 34
References 39
The L-Lysine Story: From Metabolic Pathways to Industrial Production 49
1 Introduction 50
2 Lysine Biosynthetic Pathways 51
3 Corynebacterium glutamicum as a Production Organism 53
4 Strain Engineering 60
5 Industrial Production Processes 68
References 72
L-Threonine 81
1 Introduction 81
2 How Does L-Threonine Production Work? 83
3 What Is Required by the Fermentation Industry? 91
4 Where Is It Going To? 96
References 98
Aromatic Amino Acids 103
1 Introduction 104
2 The General Aromatic Amino Acid Pathway (Shikimate Pathway) 108
References 126
Branched-Chain Amino Acids 138
1 Introduction 139
2 Isoleucine and Valine 141
3 Leucine 155
4 Use of Branched-Chain Amino Acids and their Biotechnological Production 158
References 164
Methionine Biosynthesis in Escherichia coli and Corynebacterium glutamicum 172
1 Introduction 173
2 Methionine Biosynthesis 174
3 Methionine Transformation and Degradation 181
4 Methionine Transport 183
5 Regulation of Methionine Biosynthesis 184
6 Construction of Methionine-Producing Strains 192
7 Conclusion 193
References 194
Cysteine Metabolism and Its Regulation in Bacteria 203
1 Introduction 204
2 Assimilation of Sulfate and Sulfonates 205
3 Cysteine Biosynthetic Pathways 208
4 Cysteine Degradation by Cysteine Desulfhydrases 212
5 Transport of Cystine or Cysteine 212
6 Regulation of Cysteine Biosynthesis and Transport 214
7 Production Process Development 219
References 220
Microbial Arginine Biosynthesis: Pathway, Regulation and Industrial Production 227
1 Introductory Remarks 228
2 The de novo Pathway for Arginine Biosynthesis 231
3 Regulation of Arginine Biosynthesis 239
4 Arginine as a Nutraceutical and Arginine Microbial Production 252
References 254
L-Serine and Glycine 266
1 Features and Use 266
2 L-Serine from Glycine 268
3 L-Serine from Glycine plus C-1 Units 269
4 L-Serine from Glucose 271
References 277
Alanine, Aspartate, and Asparagine Metabolism in Microorganisms 280
1 Alanine 281
2 Aspartate and Asparagine 285
3 Biotechnological Applications 290
References 293
Amino Acid Transport Systems in Biotechnologically Relevant Bacteria 296
1 Introduction 297
2 Basic Properties of Bacterial Amino Acid Transport Systems 298
3 Repertoire of Amino Acid Transporters in C. glutamicum and E. coli 300
4 Particular Amino Acid Transport Systems in C. glutamicum and E. coli 316
5 Conclusions and Perspectives 323
References 324
Occurrence, Biosynthesis, and Biotechnological Production of Dipeptides 333
1 Introduction 334
2 Function of Dipeptides 334
3 Dipeptides and Dipeptide Derivatives from Microorganisms 335
4 Biosynthesis of Dipeptides 339
5 Biotechnology for Dipeptide Manufacturing 343
6 Concluding Remarks 349
References 349
Genomes and Genome-Level Engineering of Amino Acid- Producing Bacteria 355
1 Introduction 356
2 The Corynebacterium glutamicum Genome 358
3 The Escherichia coli Genome 379
4 Genetic Engineering at the Megabase Level 395
5 Perspectives 396
References 397
Subject Index 408