The Metal-Hydrogen System (eBook)

Preface 6
Preface to the First Edition 7
Contents 9
1 Hydrogen 13
1.1 Molecules 13
1.2 Description as an Ideal Gas 17
1.3 Some Characteristic Properties of Hydrogen 18
2 Phase Diagrams and Statistical Thermodynamics of Binary M– H Systems 21
2.1 Introduction to Phase Diagrams 21
2.2 Formation of Solid Solutions 26
2.3 Spinodal Decomposition 39
2.4 Formation of Hydrides 42
2.5 Effects of Hydrogen on the Relative Phase Stability 62
3 Hydrogen in Alloys 67
3.1 Effects of Alloying on the Solubility 67
3.2 Effects of Alloying on the Terminal Solubility 71
3.3 Hydrogen–Solute Interaction: Trapping and Blocking 75
3.4 Hydrogen in Ordered Alloys 80
3.5 Hydrogen in Amorphous Alloys 83
4 Metal–Hydrogen System Under Extended p, T Conditions 103
4.1 Hydrogen Under High Pressures 103
4.2 Volume of Hydrogen in Metals 116
4.3 Solubility Enhancement Under High Hydrogen Pressures–Calculations 125
4.4 Phase Relation Under Extended p, T Conditions–Experiments 133
Appendix 4A. Iron–Water Reaction Under High p, T Conditions, and Its Implication for the Evolution of the Earth 152
5 Atomistic States of Hydrogen in Metals 159
5.1 Site Location by the Channeling Method 160
5.2 X-ray Bragg and Diffuse Scattering 164
5.3 Neutron Diffraction–Elastic Neutron Scattering 171
5.4 Inelastic Neutron Scattering 176
5.5 Stress-Induced States 199
5.6 Trapped States 205
5.7 Theory of the Atomistic State of Hydrogen in Metals 241
5.8 Tunneling States 270
Appendix 5A. Formation of Entangled States of Hydrogen in Metals 295
Appendix 5B. Enhanced Electron Screening in d- d Fusion Reactions in Metals 306
6 Diffusion 315
6.1 Introduction 315
6.2 Experimental Methods 323
6.3 Experimental Results on Diffusion Coefficients 338
6.4 Experimental Results on the Diffusion Mechanism 348
6.5 Theoretical Considerations on the Diffusion Mechanism 385
6.6 Critical Analysis of the Experimental Data in Terms of the Quantum Theory of Diffusion 399
Appendix 6A. Tunneling Chemical Reaction in Solid Hydrogen 407
Appendix 6B. A Muonium Atom in the Bloch State 409
7 Electronic Structure 413
7.1 Hydrogen-Induced Changes in the Electronic Structure of Metal Hydrides 413
7.2 Energies of Hydride Formation 419
7.3 Hydrogen–Metal Interaction Potential 424
7.4 The Metal-Insulator Transition in Rare- Earth Hydrides 427
7.5 Electronic Structure of Hydrogen Under High Pressures 433
References 451
List of Symbols 491
List of Abbreviations 497
Index 499