Mantle Plumes (eBook)

Joachim R. R. Ritter is an expert in seismological experiments and seismic tomography. He has conducted research at volcanic fields in East Africa, California and Central Europe to reveal the deep roots of the magmatic processes. He is working at the Geophysical Institute at the University of Karlsruhe.Ulrich R. Christensen is a director at the Max Planck Institute for Solar System Research in Lindau Katlenburg. He applies fluid dynamics to study the dynamic processes in planets.

Preface 5
Contents 7
Fluid Dynamics of Mantle Plumes 9
1 Introduction 9
2 Plumes from a point source of buoyancy 10
3 Plumes as boundary layer instabilities 23
4 Interaction of plumes with the lithosphere 32
Acknowledgements 47
References 47
Tracing the Hawaiian Mantle Plume by Converted Seismic Waves 57
Abstract 57
1 Introduction 58
2 Method and Data 61
3 Observations 63
4 Conclusions 72
Acknowledgements 74
References 74
Iceland: The current picture of a ridge-centred mantle plume 79
1 Introduction 80
2 The crust 80
3 The mantle beneath Iceland 95
Acknowledgements 121
References 121
Combined Gas-geochemical and Receiver Function Studies of the Vogtland/ NW Bohemia Intraplate Mantle Degassing Field, Central Europe 135
1 Introduction 135
2 Gas flux, composition and isotope (C, He) ratios of free gases from mineral springs and mofettes 144
3 Geophysical “mapping” of the lithosphere and the upper mantle using receiver functions 146
4 Discussion 152
5 Model of the asthenosphere–lithosphere interaction 158
Acknowledgements 160
References 161
Crustal and Upper Mantle Structure of the French Massif Central Plume 167
Abstract 167
1 Introduction 168
2 Joint inversion of travel time residuals and gravity data 171
3 Scattering at small-scale structures 186
4 Discussion and Interpretation 188
Acknowledgements 190
References 190
Geodynamic Setting of the Tertiary Hocheifel Volcanism (Germany), Part I: 40Ar/39Ar geochronology 193
Abstract 193
1 Introduction 194
2 Geological setting and sampling 196
3 Sample preparation and analytical method method 198
4 Results 199
5 Discussion 204
6 Conclusions 211
Acknowledgements 212
References 213
Geodynamic Setting of the Tertiary Hocheifel Volcanism ( Germany), Part II: Geochemistry and Sr, Nd and Pb Isotopic Compositions 215
Abstract 215
1 Introduction, geological setting, sampling 216
2 Analytical methods 216
3 Results 217
4 Discussion 230
5 Conclusions 241
Acknowledgements 242
References 242
The Quaternary Volcanic Fields of the East and West Eifel ( Germany) 249
Abstract 249
1 Introduction 254
2 General setting of the Quaternary Eifel volcanic fields 255
3 The Quaternary Volcanic Fields of the Eifel 259
4 Volcanic constructs and fragmentation and eruptive mechanisms 264
5 Magmas of the Quaternary Eifel volcanic fields 271
6 Xenoliths 279
7 Differentiation of Eifel magmas 288
8 Volcano field analysis 294
9 Synthesis of volcano field analysis 303
10 The Eifel plume model 309
11 Is volcanism in the Quaternary Eifel volcanic fields extinct? 314
12 Conclusions 319
Acknowledgments 321
References 322
Thermal and Geochemical Evolution of the Shallow Subcontinental Lithospheric Mantle Beneath the Eifel: Constraints from Mantle Xenoliths, a Review 331
1 Introduction 331
2 Modal Mineralogy of the Eifel SCLM 332
3 Thermal Evolution of the Eifel SCLM 334
4 Geochemical Evolution of the Eifel SCLM 336
Acknowledgements 341
References 341
He-Ne-Ar Isotope Systematics of Eifel and Pannonian Basin Mantle Xenoliths Trace Deep Mantle Plume- Lithosphere Interaction Beneath the European Continent 347
Abstract 347
1 Igneous Activity in the Eifel and the Central European Volcanic Province 348
2 Evidence from Seismic Tomography 349
3 Geochemical Data (Sr, Nd and Pb isotopes): Identification of Enriched Mantle, ( EM), HIMU and Depleted ( DMM) Components 350
4 Significance of Noble Gas Isotopes 351
5 Summary and Conclusions 367
Acknowledgements 371
References 371
Quaternary Uplift in the Eifel Area 377
Abstract 377
1 Introduction 377
2 Methods 380
3 Results 381
4 Discussion 384
Acknowledgements 385
References 385
The Seismic Signature of the Eifel Plume 387
Abstract 387
1 Introduction 388
2 Eifel Plume Experiment 390
3 Mantle Tomography 392
4 Scattering of Teleseismic Waves 398
5 Geometry of the Eifel Plume Plume 400
6 Physical properties of the Eifel Plume in the upper mantle 402
7 Conclusions 407
Acknowledgements 407
References 408
Upper Mantle Structure Beneath the Eifel from Receiver Functions 413
Abstract 413
1 Data Acquisition and Processing 414
2 Receiver Function Migration Results 417
3 Discussion and Conclusions 420
References 421
Rayleigh Wave Dispersion in the Eifel Region 425
Abstract 425
1 Introduction 425
2 Data selection and processing 429
3 Analysis 431
4 Modelling 433
5 Discussion 442
Acknowledgements 444
References 444
Seismic Anisotropy in the Asthenosphere Beneath the Eifel Region, Western Germany 447
Abstract 447
1 Introduction 448
2 New Data Data 450
3 Tectonic/Geodynamic Interpretation 453
4 Eurasian Plate Speed Estimation 459
5 Conclusions 460
Acknowledgments 460
References 460
Appendix 465
Gravity Observations in the Western Rhenish Massif and Forward Modelling of the Eifel Plume Bouguer Anomaly 473
Abstract 473
1 Introduction 474
2 Data 476
3 Forward Modelling 478
4 Interpretation and Conclusions 482
Acknowledgements 483
References 483
Colour Plates 485
Index 507