Stem Cells in Reproduction and in the Brain (eBook)

Editors and Contributors 9
Preface 5
Contents 7
1 What Is a Stem Cell Niche? 15
1.1 The Niche for Quiescent Melanocyte Stem Cells 16
1.2 Advantage of the Melanocyte for Studying Niche 17
1.3 When Are Melanocyte Stem Cells Generated? 19
1.4 Differentiation of Melanocyte Stem Cells to Their Immediate Progenies Is Reversible 21
1.5 Characteristics of Quiescent Melanocyte Stem Cells 21
1.6 Low Level of Housekeeping Gene Expression in Quiescent Stem Cells 22
1.7 Wnt Signal Inhibition Is Implicated as a Mechanism Underlying Downregulation of Genes That Are Essential for Melanocyte Development 23
1.8 High Notch Expression in Quiescent Stem Cells 25
1.9 Current Model and Niche 25
References 27
2 New Strategy for Comprehensive Analysis of Gene Functions in Embryonic Stem cells 29
2.1 Strategy to Introduce Bi-Allelic Mutations 30
2.2 Insertional Mutagenesis and Screening for Genes Involved in Stem Cell Maintenancein Embryonic Stem Cells 32
References 35
3 Paternal Dual Barrier by Ifg2-H19 and Dlk1-Gtl2 to Parthenogenesis in Mice 37
3.1 Introduction 38
3.2 Analysis of Gametic Imprinting During Oocyte Growth 39
3.3 Role of Paternally Imprinted Genes on Parthenogenesis 40
3.4 Mechanism Responsible for Extended Development 41
3.5 Methylation Analysis of the IG-DMR at Dlk1-Gtl2 Domain 43
3.6 Conclusion 44
References 44
4 Cell-Cell Fusion as a Means to Establish Pluripotency 48
4.1 Plasticity of Somatic Stem Cells Versus Cell Fusion 49
4.2 Somatic Cell Reprogramming by Fusion with Embryonic Stem, Embryonic Carcinoma, and Embryonic Germ Cells 50
4.3 Epigenetic Modification of Reprogrammed Hybrid Cells 51
4.4 Factors for Fusion-Induced Reprogramming 53
4.5 Perspectives 54
References 55
5 Toward Reprogramming Cells to Pluripotency 59
5.1 Introduction 60
5.2 Epigenetic Reprogramming and Induction of Pluripotency by Cell Fusion 61
5.3 Induction of Differentiation, Transdifferentiation, and Dedifferentiation Using Cell Extracts 62
5.4 Chromatin Remodeling Associated with Nuclear Reprogramming 73
5.5 Perspectives 74
References 76
6 Molecular Switches and Developmental Potential of Adult Stem Cells 80
6.1 The Development of Blood Cells from Multipotent Hematopoietic Stem Cells 81
6.2 The Flt3+CD11b+ Multipotent Progenitor 82
6.3 The HLH Transcription Factor Id2 in Lineage Choice 83
References 87
7 Adult Small Intestinal Stem Cells: Identification, Location, Characteristics, and Clinical Applications 91
8 Tracking Stem Cells In Vivo 109
8.1 Introduction 110
8.2 Criteria for Ideal Stem Cell In Vivo Imaging Technology and Potential Obstacles 110
8.3 In Vivo Stem Cell Tracking Methods 111
8.4 Conclusion and Future Directions 116
References 117
9 Establishment of Nuclear Transfe rEmbryonic Stem Cell Lines from Adult Somatic Cells by Nuclear Transfer and Its Application 120
9.1 Introduction 121
9.2 Establishment of Nuclear Transfer Embryonic Stem Cell Lines from Different Mice 122
9.3 Application of Nuclear Transfer Embryonic Stem Cell Techniques 124
9.4 Preservation of Genes from Infertile Mice Without the Use of Germ Cells 125
9.5 Nuclear Transfer Embryonic Stem Cell Derivation from Lethal Cloned Embryos 127
9.6 Perspectives 128
References 129
10 Derivation of Germ Cells from Embryonic Stem Cells 133
10.1 The Totipotency Cycle and the Development of Germ Cells In Vivo and In Vitro 134
10.2 Genes Involved in the Maintenance of Pluripotency and Primordial Germ Cell Development 135
10.3 Detection of Primordial Germ Cells In Vivo and In Vitro 137
10.4 Meiotic Progression and Female Gamete Formation In Vivo and In Vitro 141
10.5 Conclusions 144
References 145
11 Germline Recruitment in Mice: A Genetic Program for Epigenetic Reprogramming 151
11.1 Introduction 152
11.2 Key Epigenetic Modifications During Mammalian Development 153
11.3 Specification of Germ Cell Fate in Mice 155
11.4 Epigenetic Reprogramming in Early Germ Cells 165
11.5 Conclusion and Perspectives 172
References 175
12 Transplantation of Germ Line Stem Cells for the Study and Manipulation of Spermatogenesis 183
12.1 Introduction 184
12.2 Characterization of Germ Line Stem Cells 185
12.3 Germ Cell Culture 186
12.4 Germ Cell Transplantation to Study Phenotypes of Infertility 187
12.5 Cross-Species Germ Cell Transplantation 188
12.6 Germ Cell Transplantation in Non-rodent Species 189
12.7 Transplantation of Testis Tissue 190
12.8 Applications for Transplantation of Germ Cells and Testis Tissue 192
12.9 Conclusions 194
References 195
13 Progenitor Cell-Based Myelinationas a Model for Cell-Based Therapy of the Central Nervous System 202
13.1 Introduction: Glial Progenitor Cells of the Adult Brain 203
13.2 Glial Progenitor Cell-Based Therapy of Adult Demyelinating Disease 207
13.3 The Childhood Disorders of Myelin as Therapeutic Targets 207
13.4 Neonatal Delivery of Oligodendrocyte Progenitor Cells as a Treatment for Congenital Leukodystrophies 208
13.5 Defining Optimal Cellular Vectors for the Leukodystrophies 212
13.6 Cell-Based Strategies for Treating Lysosomal Storage Disorders and Metabolic Leukodystrophies 214
13.7 Overview 216
References 217
14 Adult Neural Stem Cells and Central Nervous System Repair 221
14.1 Introduction 222
14.2 Tools for Stem Cell Research in Relation to the Central Nervous System 224
14.3 Identification of Neural Stem/Progenitor Cells in the Adult Human Brain 225
14.4 Insult-Induced Neurogenesis 225
14.5 The RNA-Binding Protein Musashi-1 as a Stem Cell Marker and Its Functions 227
14.6 Blockade of Interleukin-6 Signaling in Spinal Cord Injury 228
References 231
15 Stem Cell Therapy for Parkinson’s Disease 235
15.1 Introduction 236
15.2 Region Specificity of Human Neural Precursor Cells 237
15.3 Dopaminergic Differentiation from Embryonic Stem Cells 239
15.4 Transplantation of Dopaminergic Neurons Derived from Embryonic Stem Cells 240
15.5 Conclusion 245
References 246