Trauma - An Engineering Analysis (eBook)

Preface 5
Dedication 8
Acknowledgement 9
Coversion Table 10
Contents 12
1 Trauma and Traumatic Injuries: General Introduction 24
1.1 Trauma Types and Management 24
1.2 Definitions 28
1.3 Human Body Regions and Organs 39
1.4 Brain Structure and Trauma 43
1.5 Thorax, Chest, and Shoulder 63
1.6 Traumatic Injuries of the Upper Extremities 66
1.7 Trauma and Abdominal Injuries 70
1.8 Trauma, Lower Limb, and Pelvis 72
1.9 Anthropomorphic Test Devices (ATD) 76
2 Mechanics of Fracture and Dislocation 99
2.1 Introduction 99
2.2 Fractures and Dislocations 102
2.3 Dislocations 122
2.4 Instability 124
2.5 Initial Theory of Elasticity in Three Dimensions: A Step- by- Step Analysis 124
2.6 Strength Theories and Design 127
2.7 Initiation of Fracture 128
2.8 Four-Parameter Model 129
2.9 Finite Element Analysis for Traumatic Injury and Fracture 146
2.10 Hallquist et al. Method as Gap and Contact Element 153
3 Bones: Tissues and Material Properties 156
3.1 Introduction 156
3.2 The Cells of Bone and the Structure of Tissues 159
3.3 Summary 165
3.4 Material Properties as Input in Numerical Models 166
3.5 Fatigue Strength of Cancellous Bone 169
3.6 Additional Material Properties of Cortical Bone 171
4 Material Properties, Clinical Data on Tolerance Thresholds Used for Assessing Numerical Modeling 173
4.1 General Information 173
4.2 Carbon Fibers-High Modulus Fibers 173
4.3 Biomedical Materials 185
4.4 Human Body Geometry: Nonlinear Material Properties 193
4.5 Material Properties and Stress Analysis Material Identification Symbols 196
4.6 Experimental Materials and Data for Finite Element Analysis 197
4.7 Material Data on Cortical and Cancellous Bone for the Finite Element and Experimental Test Results 204
4.8 Solid Modeling Using of the Human Tibia Using Finite Element 205
4.9 Material Properties for Lumbar Intervertebral Joint 206
4.10 Modeling of Bones and Finite Element Input 207
4.11 Finite Element Knee Models 207
4.12 Traumatic Injury Tolerance Thresholder 209
4.13 Thoracic Trauma Index (TTI) 214
4.14 Plasters as Clinical Materials for Trauma Patients 217
5 Medical Test Case Studies on Traumatic Surgeries 226
5.1 General Introduction 226
5.2 Elbow X-Ray Plain Film: Case Study 227
5.3 Anterior Dislocation Right Shoulder 232
5.4 Psoriatic Arthritis 236
5.5 Salter–Harris Fractures 240
5.6 Hand Fracture 240
5.7 Foot/Ankle Traumatic Injury (Reference Plates 5.20– 5.24) 242
5.8 Leg X-Rays Traumatic Injuries (Reference: Plates 5.25– 5.31) 247
5.9 Lumber: Flexion–Distraction, Osseous–Ligamentous Fracture 253
5.10 Skull 254
5.11 Ankle 259
5.12 Segond Fracture with Associated ACL Tear ( Plate 5.43) 263
5.13 Rib Fracture: Stages of Healing 264
5.14 Knee: ACL Tear (Plate 5.48) 268
6 Medical Devices, Surgical Equipment and Methodologies 274
6.1 General Introduction 274
6.2 Spine: Lumbosacral Axial Fixation Device 274
6.3 Hand Mechanism with High Degrees of Freedom 277
6.4 Prosthetic Sockets 280
6.5 Shoulder Prosthesis and Reconstruction 284
6.6 3D Knee and Foundation Total Knee System 286
6.7 Total Hip System 289
6.8 Traumatic Injuries and Orthopedic Devices/ Hardware ( Screws, Plates, Wires, and Pins) 295
6.9 A Device for Assessment of Hand and Wrist Coronal Plane Strength 314
6.10 Cranial Stabilization and Retractor Systems 317
7 The Engineering Analysis of Medical Case Studies 323
7.1 Femur with Hip Endoprosthesis 323
7.2 The Human Skull: An Engineering Analysis 361
7.3 A Relevant Engineering Analysis of the Traumatic Knee Injuries 384
7.4 Traumatic Injury Analysis of Spine/Vertebra ( Plate 7.28) 394
7.5 Hand and Wrist Trauma Under Impact Loading Using Three- Dimensional Finite Element Analysis 402
7.6 Simulation of Lower Extremity Traumatic Injuries in Sport 408
7.7 The Solid Modeling of the Human Leg in a Car Accident 415
7.8 Traumatic Damages to Achilles Tendon 418
7.9 Fractures about Shoulder, Arm and Elbow Joint Fracture 422
7.10 Trauma of a Female Bladder Due to Dynamic Loads Caused by a Short Cough and Other Impacts 426
7.11 Posterior Rib Fractures from Side Airbag Deployment 443
8 Traumatic Injuries, Complications, and Management 447
8.1 Head Traumatic Injury Complications and Management 447
8.2 Diagnostic Strategies and Management 452
8.3 Radiology 452
8.4 Trauma Types vs. Management 453
8.5 Fractures of Capitellum and Trochlea 467
8.6 Epidemiology 468
8.7 Functional Anatomy 468
8.8 Fracture Classification 469
8.9 Clinical Evaluation and Radiography 470
8.10 Treatment Approach and Management 471
8.11 Results: Based on Management cum Surgical Techniques 474
8.12 Cervical Spine Injury 475
8.13 Abdominal Injury 478
8.14 Management of Traumatic Injuries: Head, Scalp, Cranium, and Brain 482
8.15 Fractures of Hip 483
8.16 The Dislocated Knee 504
8.17 Leg Emergencies 520
8.18 Traumatic Fracture of Distal Humerus 523
9 Trauma Management, Safety, and Health 529
9.1 General Introduction 529
9.2 Trauma and Safe Systems of Work 529
9.3 Principle of Accident Prevention Related to Trauma 537
9.4 Major Incidents and Emergency Procedures Causing Trauma and Traumatic Injuries 540
APPENDICES 541
APPENDICES I-IV RELATED TO TRAUMA ENGINEERING ANALYSES AND COMPUTATIONS 542
I Three-Dimensional Cracking Phenomenon and Crack Calculations 543
II Finite Element Program ISOPAR-Major Subroutines 548
III Threshold Limits 591
IV Injury and Protection Criteria 598
APPENDICES V-X RELATED TO MEDICAL EQUIPMENT USED IN TRAUMATIC SURGERIES AND CASE STUDIES 608
V Knee Systems and Instrumentation 609
VI Surgical Technique 634
VII Total Hip System 656
VIII Recon Nailing System 690
IX Small Bone External Fixation System 717
X Polyethylene Products, Usage and Surgical Protocol 744
REFERENCES/BIBLIOGRAPHY 770
References/Bibliography 771
Index 844