Molecular Imaging (eBook)

Preface 5
Contents 7
List of Editors and Contributors 9
1 Oligonucleotides as Radiopharmaceuticals 13
1.1 Imaging of Oligonucleotides 17
1.2 Imaging In Vivo Pharmacokinetics and Biodistribution of Oligonucleotides 20
1.3 Comparative Pharmaco-Imaging of Oligonucleotides 21
1.4 Evaluation of Delivery Vectors for Oligonucleotides 23
1.5 Imaging with Oligonucleotides 25
1.6 Antisense Oligonucleotides for Gene-Related Disease Therapy 26
1.7 Improving Antisense for In Vivo Applications 27
1.8 In Vivo Imaging Studies with Antisense Oligonucleotides 28
1.9 Aptamer Oligonucleotides 30
1.10 Applications and Therapeutic Aptamers 33
1.11 Aptamers as Contrast Agents for Diagnosis 34
1.12 Future Developments Needed for In Vivo Imaging with Oligonucleotides: Mastering the Nonspecific Interactions and Signal-to-Noise Ratio 35
References 38
2 ImagingProtein-Protein Interactions in Whole Cells and Living Animals 47
2.1 Two-Hybrid Systems 48
2.2 Protein-Fragment Complementation 49
2.3 Optimized Luciferase Fragment Complementation 50
2.4 Conclusions 51
References 52
3 Radiolabeled Peptides in Nuclear Oncology: Influence of Peptide Structure and Labeling Strategy on Pharmacology 54
3.1 Introduction 54
3.2 Design of Peptide-Based Radiopharmaceuticals 58
3.3 Preclinical Characterization of Somatostatin-Based Radiopeptides 69
3.4 Patient Studies 77
3.5 Summary and Conclusions 80
References 80
4 Pretarieted Radioimmunotherapy 84
5 PET/CT:Combining Function and Morphology 96
5.1 General Considerations in PET and PET/CT 96
5.2 PET/CT in Oncology 98
5.3 PET/CT and Radiation Treatment Planning 104
5.4 PET/CT in Cardiology 104
5.5 Conclusions 106
References 107
6 High Relaxivity Contrast Agents for MRI and Molecular Imaging 110
6.1 Introduction 110
6.2 Determinants of Relaxivity 114
6.3 How to Improve Relaxivity? 116
6.4 Targeting Cells with Gd(III) Chelates 122
6.5 Concluding Remarks 129
References 130
7 Luminescent Lanthanide Complexes as Sensors and Imaiini Proies 133
7.1 Introduction and Background 133
7.2 Mechanistic Approach to Modulation of Luminescence 137
7.3 Tailoring the Lanthanide Complex for Use "In Cellulo" 144
7.4 Conclusions and Future Perspectives 152
References 153
8 Mainetic Resonance Signal Amplification Probes 157
8.1 Receptor-Mediated Internalization 158
8.2 Enzyme-Mediated MR Signal Amplification 162
References 166
9 Imaging of Proteases for Tumor Detection and Differentiation 168
9.1 Introduction 168
9.2 Light for Molecular Imaging 169
9.3 Optical Contrast Agents 170
9.4 Nononcological Imaging 174
9.5 Potential Clinical Applications 175
References 177
10 Molecular Imaging with Targeted Ultrasound Contrast Microiuiiles 180
10.1 Introduction 180
10.2 Microbubble-Based Ultrasound Contrast Agents: General Design and Preparation 182
10.3 Targeting Ligand Attachment to Microbubbles 185
10.4 In Vitro Targeting: Binding Studies in Model Systems 189
10.5 In Vivo Microbubble Targeting: Biodistribution, Nonspecific and Targeted Accumulation and Ultrasound Imaging 192
10.6 Conclusions 197
References 198
11 Noninvasive Real-Time In Vivo Bioluminescent Imaging of Gene Expression and of Tumor Progression and Metastasis 201
11.1 General Introduction 202
11.2 Principles of Bioluminescent Imaging 202
11.3 Transgenic Luc-Reporter Mice to Study Specific Gene Expression 204
11.4 Tumor Progression and Bone/Bone Marrow Metastasis of Breast and Prostate Cancer 213
11.5 Use of Bioluminescent Imaging in Animal Models of Skeletal Metastasis 220
11.6 Conclusions and Future Perspectives 228
References 228
12 Tarieted Optical Imaging and Photodynamic Therapy 236
12.1 Introduction 236
12.2 Photosensitizer Localization in Tumors 238
12.3 Photosensitizing Agents 240
12.4 Targeted Optical Imaging and Photodynamic Therapy 246
12.5 Optical Targeting 252
12.6 Photodynamic Therapy 256
12.7 Conclusion 258
References 259