High-Temperature Measurements of Materials (eBook)

Hiroyuki Fukuyama is a professor in the Institute of Multidisciplinary Research for Advanced Materials (IMRAM), Tohoku University, Japan. He is conversant with the high-temperature metallurgical and inorganic materials processes, and has a well-founded reputation through measurement technique. Yoshio Waseda is the former vice president of Tohoku University, Japan. Prof. Waseda is the author or coauthor of more than 500 scientific papers. He has received several awards for his outstanding contributions to the field of materials disordered systems including high temperature oxide and metallic melts.

Preface of Series by the Editor-in-Chief 6
Preface 7
Contents 9
List of Contributors 14
1 Measurement of Structure of High Temperature and Undercooled Melts by using X- Ray Diffraction Methods Combined with Levitation Techniques 16
1.1 Introduction 16
1.2 Electrostatic Levitator for the Structural Analysis by X- Ray Diffraction Technique 20
1.3 Experimental 22
1.4 Results and Discussion 25
References 29
2 Viscosity and Density Measurements of High Temperature Melts 32
2.1 Introduction 32
2.2 Viscosity Measurement 32
2.3 Density Measurements 43
2.4 Summary 51
References 51
3 Marangoni Flow and Surface Tension of High Temperature Melts 53
3.1 Introduction 53
3.2 Marangoni Effect on High-Temperature Melts 53
3.3 Welding 58
3.4 Electron Beam Melting 60
3.5 Methods for Measuring Surface Tension: Oscillating Drop Method Using Electromagnetic Levitation 61
3.6 Surface Tension of Molten Silicon: Influence of Oxygen on Surface Tension 63
3.7 Surface Tension of Molten Iron and Iron-based Alloy 68
3.8 Thermodynamic Approach for Adsorption of Oxygen at Melt Surface 70
3.9 Perspective 70
References 71
4 Diffusion Coefficients of Metallic Melts Measured by Shear Cell Technique Under Microgravity and on the Ground 74
4.1 Introduction 74
4.2 Design of Shear Cell 75
4.3 Experimental Procedure 79
4.4 Quantitative Measurement of Shear Convection and Correction Method 81
4.5 Correction Method for the Determination of Diffusion Coefficients 84
4.6 1g-Diffusion Measurements with Stable Density Layering 85
4.7 Microgravity Experiments 90
4.8 Temperature Dependence of the Diffusion Coefficients 92
4.9 Perspectives 93
4.10 Summary 95
Acknowledgement 95
References 96
5 Thermal Diffusivity Measurements of Oxide and Metallic Melts at High Temperature by the Laser Flash Method 98
5.1 Introduction 98
5.2 A Brief Background of the Present Requirement for the Thermal Property Measurements of High Temperature Materials 99
5.3 Experimental Procedures and Theoretical Basis for the Laser Flash Method 101
5.4 Selected Examples of Thermal Diffusivities of Oxide Melts 107
5.5 Selected Examples of Thermal Diffusivities of Metallic Melts 113
5.6 Summary 120
Acknowledgment 120
References 121
6 Emissivities of High Temperature Metallic Melts 123
6.1 Introduction 123
6.2 Definition of Emissivity 123
6.3 Measurement Techniques for Emissivities 124
6.4 Emissivity Data 132
References 139
7 Noncontact Thermophysical Property Measurements of Metallic Melts under Microgravity 142
7.1 Introduction 142
7.2 Microgravity 143
7.3 Containerless Methods 145
7.4 Thermophysical Properties 148
7.5 Summary and Outlook 156
Acknowledgement 157
References 157
8 Noncontact Laser Calorimetry of High Temperature Melts in a Static Magnetic Field 159
8.1 Introduction 159
8.2 Theory of Modulation Calorimetry 160
8.3 Experimental 173
8.4 Experimental Results 174
8.5 Summary 179
Acknowledgements 180
References 181
9 Noncontact Thermophysical Property Measurements of Refractory Metals Using an Electrostatic Levitator 182
9.1 Introduction 182
9.2 Electrostatic Levitation System 183
9.3 Thermophysical Property Measurements 186
9.4 Results of Thermophysical Property Measurements of Refractory Metals 190
9.5 Summary 201
Acknowledgment 201
References 201
Index 205