True Visions (eBook)

Foreword 5
Foreword 7
Preface 10
Contents 12
List of Contributors 22
1 Into Ambient Intelligence 27
1.1 The Vision 27
1.2 Trends and Opportunities 28
1.3 A Brief History of Ambient Intelligence 32
1.4 Realizing Ambient Intelligence 36
1.5 Ambient Intelligence Becomes a Success 42
2 Information, Society and Technology 43
2.1 Introduction 43
2.2 The AmI Vision: A Different Encounter Between Technology and Society 45
2.3 IST, the European Social Model and the Lisbon Objectives 48
2.4 Foresight in IST in Europe 50
2.5 AmI Innovation in Europe 53
2.6 Conclusions 58
3 Ambient Culture 60
3.1 Prelude 60
3.2 Questions, Questions, Questions 60
3.3 What Should Ambient Intelligence Do? 61
3.4 How Will Ambient Intelligence Do What It Does? 64
3.5 Some Examples 66
3.6 How Do We Create the Right” Ambient Intelligence – the Relevant Hypothesis for a Desirable Future? 69
3.7 Business Issues 72
3.8 Deeper Issues 74
3.9 How to Measure Intelligence? 77
3.10 The Culture of Ambient Intelligence – Human Culture in the Broadest Sense 77
4 Smart Materials 78
4.1 Introduction 78
4.2 Chromogenic Materials 79
4.3 Thermochromic Skins Based on Liquid Crystals 81
4.4 Switchable Mirrors 83
4.5 Switchable Cholesteric Mirrors 86
4.6 Electronic Skins and Paintable Displays 88
4.7 Polymers with a Mechanical Response 91
5 Electronic Dust and e-Grains 108
5.1 Introduction 108
5.2 Basic Construction of Self-Sufficient Wireless Sensor Nodes – e- Grains 110
5.3 System Design 112
5.4 System Integration Technologies 114
5.5 Embedded Components in Organic Substrates 126
5.6 Wafer-Level Integration by Chip or Wafer Stacking 127
5.7 Autonomous Energy Supply for e-Grains 130
5.8 Wafer-Level Integration of Lithium-Polymer Batteries 131
5.9 Micro-fuel Cell Integration 132
5.10 Summary and Outlook 135
6 Electronic Textiles 138
6.1 Introduction 138
6.2 Conductors 140
6.3 Textile Processing with Conductive Threads 142
6.4 Interconnection and Packaging 144
6.5 Applications 147
6.6 Future Challenges 152
6.7 Conclusion and Outlook 154
7 Computing Platforms 156
7.1 Reconsidering the Vision 156
7.2 More-Moore”: Managing Giga-complexity 157
7.3 "More-Than-Moore”: Ultra-creativity for Ultra-low Power and Cost 169
7.4 Conclusions 171
8 Software Platforms 173
8.1 Introduction 173
8.2 Software Systems for Ambient Intelligence 174
8.3 Aura: User Task-Driven Environment Configuration 179
8.4 Gaia: Programmable Active Spaces 182
8.5 WSAMI: Ad hoc, Decentralized AmI Environments 186
8.6 Assessment and Research Challenges 190
9 Mobile Computing 193
9.1 Computing Everywhere and Anywhere 193
9.2 Applications of Mobile Computing 194
9.3 In the Bottom Lies the Technology 198
9.4 Challenges Imposed on the Domain by Ambient Intelligence 203
9.5 How Far Have We Come? 204
9.6 Concluding Remarks 208
10 Broadband Communication 209
10.1 Vision 209
10.2 Ongoing Evolutions in Broadband Communication 210
10.3 Too Many Wireless Technologies Today? 211
10.4 How to Deal with All These Wireless Technologies? 216
10.5 Conclusions 228
11 e- Infrastructure and e-Science 232
11.1 Introduction 232
11.2 e-Science and the Grid 233
11.3 Pervasive Computing and Ambient Intelligence 238
11.4 The Semantic Web 241
11.5 The Symbiosis of Grid and Ambient Intelligent Computing 244
11.6 Case Studies 246
11.7 Challenges to the Vision 250
11.8 Conclusions 251
12 Context Aware Services 253
12.1 Introduction 253
12.2 A Brief History of Context 254
12.3 A Conceptual Framework for Context Aware Systems 256
12.4 Defining Situation Models as Interaction Scripts 258
12.5 Example: Context Aware Automatic Video Acquisition 260
12.6 Learning Context Models: Adaptation and Development 264
12.7 Conclusions 266
13 Computational Intelligence 267
13.1 Introduction 267
13.2 Machine Intelligence 268
13.3 AmI Elements of Social Intelligence 272
13.4 Computational Paradigms 279
13.5 Intrinsic Limitations 293
13.6 Concluding Challenges 294
14 Social User Interfaces 296
14.1 Introduction 296
14.2 Social Interfaces and Multimodal Interaction 298
14.3 The Impact of Affect and Social Intelligence: the iCat Case 301
14.4 Modeling Affect in a Dialogical Robot 306
14.5 Conclusions and Future Research 310
15 Multi-modal Human–Environment Interaction 311
15.1 Introduction 311
15.2 Tangible Multi-modal Dialog Scenario 312
15.3 Instrumented Environment Infrastructure 314
15.4 Symmetric Multi-modal Interaction 316
15.5 Anthropomorphized Products 320
15.6 Usability Study 323
15.7 Conclusions and Future Work 325
16 Intelligent Media 327
16.1 Introduction 327
16.2 Emergence of Intelligent Media 328
16.3 Economic Importance of the Creative Industries 329
16.4 Intelligent Media: Key Concepts and Technologies 329
16.5 Intelligent Media and the Creative Sectors 332
16.6 Conclusion 339
17 Smart Environments 340
17.1 Introduction 340
17.2 Smart Environments 341
17.3 Building Smart Environments: the Ensemble Challenge 344
17.4 The Source of Strategy 348
17.5 Goal-Based Interaction 349
17.6 Appliances and Event Processing Pipelines 352
17.7 Conclusion 356
18 Sensory Augmented Computing 357
18.1 Introduction 357
18.2 Sensing Opportunities for Ambient Intelligence 358
18.3 Proactive Furniture 361
18.4 Sensing a Furniture Assembly 362
18.5 Situation-Aware Affordances 369
18.6 Conclusions and Discussion 373
19 Experience Design 376
19.1 Introduction 376
19.2 Looking to the Future 377
19.3 The Home Experience 381
19.4 Design Insights of AmI Systems 382
19.5 New Directions 387
19.6 Conclusion 393
20 Experience Research 394
20.1 Introduction 394
20.2 Goals of Experience Research 396
20.3 EARC Life Cycle Model 397
20.4 Facilitators of Experience Research 402
20.5 Example Developments in Experience Research 406
20.6 Challenges 409
References 410
Index 450