Oxide and Nitride Semiconductors (eBook)

Preface 6
Contents 8
List of Contributors 13
1 Basic Properties of ZnO, GaN, and Related Materials 15
1.1 Introduction 15
1.2 Crystal Structure 15
1.3 Elastic Strain 20
1.4 Electronic Structure 24
References 32
2 Solvothermal Growth of ZnO and GaN 35
2.1 Introduction 35
2.2 Hydrothermal Growth 37
2.3 Ammonothermal Growth 61
References 76
3 Growth of ZnO and GaN Films 81
3.1 MBE and PLD of ZnO and Related Materials 81
3.2 MOCVD Growth of GaN and Related Materials 144
3.3 HVPE of GaN and Related Materials 170
References 190
4 Control of Polarity and Application to Devices 199
4.1 Introduction 199
4.2 Polarity 200
4.3 Spontaneous and Piezoelectric Polarization 202
4.4 Determination of Polarity 205
4.5 Control of Polarity 219
4.6 Effects of Polarity on Material Properties 225
4.7 Device Applications of Polarization Induced Properties 227
References 232
5 Growth of Nonpolar GaN and ZnO Films 239
5.1 Introduction 239
5.2 Polar Surface, Nonpolar Surface, and Heterostructures 240
5.3 Growth of Nonpolar GaN Films 243
5.4 Lateral Epitaxial Overgrowth of Nonpolar GaN Films 253
5.5 Growth of Nonpolar ZnO Films 261
References 272
6 Structural Defects in GaN and ZnO 275
6.1 Introduction 275
6.2 Dislocation and Stacking Faults 276
6.3 TEM of Defects in GaN and ZnO Films 281
6.4 Dislocation Reduction of Epitaxial Films by Process 300
References 320
7 Optical Properties of GaN and ZnO 325
7.1 Introduction 325
7.2 Emission Properties of GaN 329
7.3 Emission Properties of ZnO 345
7.4 Emission Properties of Nonpolar GaN and ZnO 353
7.5 Raman Scattering Properties of GaN and ZnO 358
References 363
8 Electrical Properties of GaN and ZnO 369
8.1 Introduction 369
8.2 Ohmic Contacts to GaN and ZnO 370
8.3 Schottky Contacts to GaN and ZnO 380
8.4 Electrical Properties 396
8.5 Deep Levels of GaN and ZnO 411
References 425
9 GaN and ZnO Light Emitters 429
9.1 Introduction 429
9.2 Light-Emitting Diodes Basic 430
9.3 Light-Emitting Diodes Based on GaN 433
9.4 Light-Emitting Diodes Based on ZnO 458
References 468
10 ZnO and GaN Nanostructures and their Applications 473
10.1 Introduction 473
10.2 Control of ZnO and GaN Nanostructures 474
10.3 ZnO and GaN Nanostructures for Photonic Device Applications 483
10.4 ZnO and GaN Nanostructures for Electronic and Sensing Device Applications 499
References 517
Index 521