Reviews in Fluorescence 2007 (eBook)

Dr. Chris D. Geddes, Ph.D., Professor, has extensive experience in fluorescence spectroscopy, particularly in fluorescence sensing and metal-fluorophore interactions (Metal-Enhanced Fluorescence), publishing over 190 papers and 18 books. Dr. Geddes is internationally known in fluorescence. He is the editor-in-chief of the Journal of Fluorescence and founding editor of the Who’s Who in Fluorescence and Annual Reviews in Fluorescence volumes. In addition, due to the labs pioneering efforts in the fields of metallic nanoparticle-fluorophore interactions, Dr. Geddes recently launched a new Springer Journal, Plasmonics, as well as a new annual hard bound book series Annual Reviews in Plasmonics. Dr. Geddes is Director of the Institute of Fluorescence, within the Medical Biotechnology Center which focuses on the nano-bio-technological applications of fluorescence. Dr. Geddes is currently the chair of 1 NIH study section, a frequent member of the NIBIB special emphasis sensing panels and a permanent member of the NIH EBT study section. http://theinstituteoffluorescence.com/

Preface 5
Contents 6
Contributors 8
Simple Calibration and Validation Standards for Fluorometry 11
Introduction 11
Overview of Fluorescence Standards 13
Instrument-Specific Quantities Affecting Fluorescence Signals 13
Types of Fluorescence Standards 15
General Requirements on Fluorescence Standards 16
International Equivalence of Measurements 16
Relative vs. Absolute Instrument Characterization 17
General Requirements on the Characterization of Standards 18
Spectral Fluorescence Standards 19
Standards for the Validation of the Wavelength Accuracy 19
Standards for the Determination of the Relative Spectral Responsivity 21
Standards for the Determination of the Relative Spectral Irradiance 25
Fluorescence Intensity Standards 26
Standards to Relate Chemical Concentration to Instrument Response 27
Fluorescence Quantum Yield Standards 28
Measurement of Absolute Fluorescence 29
Instrument Validation Standards 30
Day-to-Day Intensity Standards 31
Adaptation to Different Fluorescence Techniques 33
Conclusion and Outlook 34
References 35
Membranes and Fluorescence Microscopy 42
Introduction 42
Suitability of Different Model Membrane Systems for Fluorescence Microscopy Studies 44
GUVs as Membrane Model Systems: Advantages and Disadvantages 44
Planar Membranes 47
Fluorescent Probes and Lateral Structure of Biological Membranes 47
Lateral Structure of Compositionally Simple and Complex Membrane Model Systems 49
Peptide(Protein)Lipid Interactions Studies in GUVs 51
Peptide--Membrane Interactions 52
Protein--Membrane Interactions 54
Future Directions 54
References 55
Electronic Energy Transport and Fluorescence Spectroscopy for Structural Insights into Proteins, Regular Protein Aggregates and Lipid Systems 61
Introduction 62
Theoretical Development 64
Electronic Energy Migration/Transfer Within a Pair 65
DDEM in Regular Polymer Structures 71
Electronic Energy Migration/Transfer in Model Membranes 75
DAET/DDEM in Micelles 77
Applications of DAET and DDEM 78
Intra- and Intermolecular Distances in Proteins 78
Non-covalent Protein Polymers 80
Micelles 80
Electronic Energy Transfer in Membranes 82
Reference 88
Spectra FRET: A Fluorescence Resonance Energy Transfer Method in Live Cells 95
Introduction 95
Why Do We Use FRET? 95
Fluorescence Resonance Energy Transfer 96
Methods to Measure FRET 98
Spectral Imaging: Spectra FRET 99
Instrumentation 99
Data Acquisition 100
Data Analysis 102
Bleed-Through 102
Cross-Talk 103
Spectra FRET in Live Cells 103
Mixed Fluorophores Populations 104
Variable Donor/Acceptor Expression Level 105
Background Fluorescence 107
Conclusions 108
References 108
Boronic Acid Based Modular Fluorescent Saccharide Sensors 110
Introduction 95
Fluorescent Sensors 112
Modular Fluorescent Sensors 114
Conclusions 98
References 108
Fluorescence Solvent Relaxation in Cationic Membranes 126
Introduction 95
Fluorescence Solvent Relaxation Technique 112
SR Probes and Their Location in Lipid Bilayers 114
SR in Cationic Membranes 98
Hydration and Mobility of the DOPC/DOTAP Liposome Membranes 133
DMPC/DMTAP Versus DOPC/DOTAP 99
The Effect of Temperature on SR Kinetics in DOPC/DOTAP Membrane 100
Conclusions 139
References 108
Quantum Dot-Encoded Fluorescent Beads for Biodetectionand Imaging 145
QD-Encoded Microbeads 95
Porous Microbeads Doped with QDs 95
Layer-by-Layer Assembly 96
Polymerization/Silanization 151
QD-Encoded Nanobeads 99
Silica-Based Nanobeads 99
Polymer-QD Self-Assembly 100
In Vitro Biodetection and Imaging 139
In Vitro Screening Using Barcoded Microbeads 156
QD-Nanobarcodes as Fluorescence Reporters 157
Perspectives 159
References 108
Study of Biological Assemblies by Ultrafast FluorescenceSpectroscopy 163
Introduction 95
Cyclodextrins 112
Fluorescence Anisotropy Decay in Cyclodextrin 96
Solvation Dynamics in Cyclodextrins 151
Excited State Proton Transfer in Cyclodextrins 133
Micelles 167
Excitation Wavelength Dependence of Solvation Dynamics in Micelles and Lipids 100
Solvation Dynamics in Micelles: Worm Like, in Ormosils and in Ionic Liquids 102
Ultrafast Fluorescence Resonance Energy Transfer in Proteins and Micelles 156
Photoisomerization in Micelle and Reverse Micelle 157
Ultrafast Photoinduced Electron Transfer (PET) in Micelles 103
Proteins 173
DNA 177
Conclusion and Future Outlook 178
References 108
Fluorescence Signal Amplification for Ultrasensitive DNA Detection 184
Introduction 95
Conjugated Polymers 112
Conjugated Polymers and Frster Resonance Energy Transfer 114
Fluorophore Encapsulation 98
Conclusion and Outlook 99
References 108
Exploring the Electrostatic Landscape of Proteins with Tryptophan Fluorescence 203
Introduction and Overview 95
Overview 95
Understanding Quenching from First Principles: Photoinduced Electron Transfer 114
Background 151
Quantitative Predictions 133
Discussion of Selected Papers 99
Quantitative Steady State Wavelength Predictions 227
Non-exponential Decay: Relaxation and Heterogeneity 139
Basic Studies of Electronic Structure 238
Resolved Spectra of Model Molecules 157
Final Remarks 103
Appendix: Notes on Electrostatics 173
References 108
Fluorescent Probes for Two-Photon Excitation Microscopy 253
Introduction 95
Two-Photon Absorption Cross Sections of Biomolecular Probes and Fluorophores 112
Design Principles for Fluorophores with Large Two-Photon Absorption Cross Sections 114
Centrosymmetric Quadrupolar Fluorophores 151
Noncentrosymmetric Dipolar Fluorophores 133
Fluorescent Labels with Enhanced TPA Cross Sections for Cellular Imaging 167
Metal Cation Responsive Fluorescent Probes 227
Fluorescent Cation Sensors with Centrosymmetric Architecture 102
Cation Sensors with Dipolar Fluorophore Architecture 156
Conclusions 269
References 108
High-Resolution Fluorescence Studies onINTtie Excited-StateIntra- and Intermolecular Proton Transfer
Introduction 274
High-Resolution Low-Temperature Fluorescence Spectroscopy 277
General 277
Spectral Linewidths Under Shpol'skii Conditions 279
3-Hydroxychromones 280
Aza-Indoles 283
Molecular Beam Experiments 285
Condensed Phase Experiments 286
Femtosecond Kinetic Studies 288
Pyrazoloquinolines 290
Alkylamino Pyridine- N -Oxides 294
Concluding Remarks 298
References 300
Hydrocarbon Fluid Inclusion Fluorescence: A Review 302
Introduction 274
Inclusions: A Brief Description 277
The Inclusion Fluids 305
Fluorescence of Crude Oils 306
HCFI Fluorescence 280
Sample Preparation 283
Epifluorescence Microscopy 309
High Spatial Resolution Microscopy for HCFI Analysis 313
Conventional Confocal Fluorescence Microscopy 288
Structured-Light Illumination Microscopy 316
Multi-Photon Excitation 316
Micro-spectroscopy of HCFI 298
Fluorescence Emission Micro-spectroscopy 317
Fluorescence Excitation-Emission Matrix (EEM) Spectroscopy 322
Fluorescence Lifetime Microscopy (FLIM) 325
Concluding Remarks 327
References 300
Photophysics and Biophysical Applications of Benzo[a]phenoxazine Type Fluorophores 338
Introduction 274
Nile Red as a Solvatochromic and Fluorescence Anisotropy Probe 277
References 300
A Fluorescence Quenching Method to Study Interactions of Hemoglobin Derivatives with Erythroid Spectrin 366
Introduction 367
Materials and Methods 368
Collection and Isolation of Hemoglobin from Human Blood Samples 369
Isolation and Purification of Spectrin 369
Preparation of Human - and -Globin Chains 369
Fluorescein-Conjugated Spectrin 370
Fluorescence Measurements and Quenching of F-spectrin by Hemoglobins 370
Results 371
Discussion 375
References 377
Photoluminescence of Pharmaceutical Materials in the Solid State. 4. Fluorescence Studies of Various Solvated and Desolvated Solvatomorphs of Erythromycin A 381
Introduction 381
Experimental Details 382
Materials 382
Methods 383
Results 383
Erythromycin A Dihydrate 384
Erythromycin A Methanolate 386
Erythromycin A Ethanolate 388
Erythromycin A Isopropanolate 390
Discussion 391
References 393
Index 395