Access Nets (eBook)

Preface 5
Organization 6
Table of Contents 9
Invited Papers 9
HOWRAN: An Hybrid Optical Wireless Radio Access Network for WiMAX Antennas Backhauling 12
Introduction 12
WiMAX Basics 13
Global HOWRAN Architecture 16
Head-End Node Hardware Architecture 18
HONU Hardware Architecture 19
HOWRAN Control Plane 20
Wimax Cell Planning with HOWRAN 21
Conclusion 25
References 25
The Audacity of Fiber-Wireless (FiWi) Networks 27
Introduction 27
RoF vs. R& F Networks
FiWi Networks 32
Enabling Technologies 32
State of the Art 36
SuperMAN 39
RPR/WiMAX Interface 41
WDM EPON/Next-Generation WiFi Interface 42
Conclusions 43
References 44
When Are Online and Offline Excess Bandwidth Distribution Useful in EPONs? 47
Introduction 47
Related Work 48
Comparison of IPACT-Limited and Offline Excess Bandwidth Distribution 49
Simulation Set-Up 50
Impact of Offline, Hybrid, and Online Scheduling 51
Impact of Burst Size $B$ and Maximum Grant Size $G_{max}$ 52
Impact of Round Trip Time $RTT$ and Maximum Grant Size $G_{max}$ 52
Online Excess Bandwidth Distribution (OEBD) 54
Simulation Results 54
Conclusion 55
References 55
Cost-Performance Planning of Municipal Wireless Access Networks 57
Introduction 57
The Optimization Problem 58
Technology Requirements 58
Technology Resources 59
The Optimization Model 60
Decision Variables 60
Line of Sight and Coverage Evaluation 61
Additional Constraints 61
Objective Function 62
The Optimization Algorithm 62
Wireless Coverage 63
Connection to the Backbone Network 64
The Optimization Scenario 66
Optimization Results 68
Assessment through Simulated Annealing Optimization 70
Conclusions 72
References 72
Greener Copper with Dynamic Spectrum Management 73
Introduction 73
DSM Level 1: Dynamics and Politeness 74
The DSL Environment and Stability 75
Margins as Control Parameters 77
Tiered Rate Adaptation (TRA) 77
DSM Level 2: Frequency-Dependent Politeness 78
Spectrum Balancing Concept 78
Band-Preference 79
Zap Your Neighbor First: Virtual Noise Power Increases 79
DSM Level 3: Vectored Power Reduction 84
Noise Cancellation Basics 84
Reducing Power by Cancelling Noise 85
CuPONs 86
Conclusion 87
References 87
Full Papers 9
Performance Comparison of Orthogonal and Quasi-orthogonal Codes in Quasi-Synchronous Cellular CDMA Communication 89
Introduction 89
System Model for QS-CDMA with BPSK 90
Comparison between Orthogonal and Quasi-orthogonal Codes 93
BER Analysis in Presence of Noise 94
Simulation Results 96
Conclusion 98
References 99
Supporting Session and Access Point Mobility in a Large Multi-provider Multi-vendor Municipal WiFi Network 100
Introduction 100
Related Work 101
Municipal WiFi Networks 101
Session Mobility 102
panOULU Network 103
General Description 103
Network Topology 104
panOULU Subscription 105
Mobile APs 106
Session Mobility in panOULU Network 107
General Network Usage Statistics 107
Session Mobility 108
Roaming Performance 110
Discussion 111
References 112
A Fast MAC-Layer Handover for an IEEE 802.16e-Based WMAN 113
Introduction 113
IEEE 802.16e HHO Scenario 114
Network Topology Acquisition Phase 114
Actual Handover Phase 115
ProposedScheme 117
Handover Initiation 117
TBS Selection and Insinuation 118
Fast Ranging Activity 120
HO Indication and DL Retransmissions 120
UL Retransmissions and Registration 121
Simulation Scenario 122
NTAP HO Latency Analysis 124
AHOP HO Latency Analysis and CDT Analysis 126
Conclusion 127
References 127
A Conflict-Free Low-Jitter Guaranteed-Rate MAC Protocol for Base-Station Communications in Wireless Mesh Networks 129
Introduction 129
Problem Formulations 132
Constrained Queueing Systems 132
Scheduling in IQ Crossbar Switches 134
The WiMAX Technology 137
Transformation of IQ Switch Scheduling to WMN Scheduling 137
Routing in a WMN 140
The Dual-Channel WMN 142
The Single-Channel WMN 142
A WMN Example 143
Communication Tree in a 16 Node WMN 143
Experimental Results 144
Scalability 145
Conclusions 146
References 146
Coexistence of Collocated IEEE 802.11 and Bluetooth Technologies in 2.4 GHz ISM Band 149
Introduction 149
Simulation Setup 151
Results 152
Discussions 155
Conclusions 155
References 155
Enabling Broadband as Commodity within Access Networks: A QoS Recipe 157
Introduction 157
The Challenge of Introducing QoS in IP Networks 158
Pragmatism and Simplicity as the Main Design Principles 158
End-to-End QoS Solution 159
Realising QoS in the Access Network 161
Realising QoS in the First Mile 163
Validation 164
Conclusion 171
References 172
A Simulator of Periodically Switching Channels for Power Line Communications 173
Introduction 173
Measurement of Periodically Switching Channel 175
Modeling of Periodically Switching Channel 178
Channel Simulator 180
Effect of Incorrect Channel Estimation 185
Conclusion 186
References 186
Placement of Base Stations in Broadband Power Line Communications Access Networks by Means of Multi-criteria Optimization 187
Introduction 187
Building Broadband Access over Low-Voltage Grid 188
Optimization Paradigms 190
Definition and Modeling of GBSP Problem 191
Problem Description 191
Network Costs 192
Downlink and Uplink Delay in B-PLC Access Networks 193
Experiments and Numerical Results 196
Parameters Setting 196
Pareto-Based Multi-objective Evolutionary Algorithm Solving the GBSP 197
Comparison of Single- and Multi-objective Optimization 199
Conclusions 201
References 202
Modeling of Channel Allocation in Broadband Powerline Communications Access Networks as a Multi-Criteria Optimization Problem 203
Introduction 203
Planning Process of B-PLC Access Networks 205
Design of B-PLC Sites 205
Comparison with Wireless Networks 206
Analysis of PLC Channel Allocation Problem 207
Problem Definition 207
Traffic Demand in B-PLC Sites 208
Resource Reuse and Network Throughput 209
Modelling of Interferences in B-PLC Sites 209
Optimization Approaches and Used Metaheuristics 210
Numerical Experiments and Results Analysis 212
Problem Instances and System Characteristics 212
Solution Encoding and Evolutionary Operators 213
Parameters Setting 213
Evaluation of Pareto-Based MOEAs 215
Conclusions 217
References 218
Topology Design of Hierarchical Hybrid Fiber-VDSL Access Networks with Enhanced Discrete Binary PSO 219
Introduction 219
Problem Statement 220
Hybrid Fiber-VDSL Access Networks 220
Objective Function and Constraints 221
Analysis of HFV Access Network Topology Design 222
Strategy 222
Binary Modeling 223
Discrete Binary Particle Swarm Optimization 224
Introduction 224
Formulation and Notation 225
Enhanced DBPSO 225
Application 226
Results and Analysis 226
Optimization Environment 226
Results and Comparison 227
Conclusion 232
References 232
Near-Optimal Multi-user Greedy Bit-Loading for Digital Subscriber Lines 235
Introduction 235
SystemModel 236
The Spectrum Balancing Problem 236
Related Work 237
Multi-User Greedy Bit Loading 238
Performance 240
Near-Optimal Multi-user Greedy Bit-Loading 240
A New Cost Function 241
Algorithm Complexity 242
Simulation Results 243
2-User Near Far Scenario 244
8-User Central Office Scenario 244
8-User Mixed Deployment Scenario 245
Discussion of Results 247
Conclusion 249
References 249
Case for Dynamic Reconfigurability in Access Networks 251
Introduction 251
Network Architecture 251
User Profiles and Bandwidth Requirement 253
User Categories 253
Application Definitions 253
User Application Profiles 253
Network Configurations 255
Static versus Dynamic Network Configuration 256
Static Configuration 256
Sensitivity Analysis 257
Dynamic Network Configuration 258
Inter-PON Bandwidth Re-allocation 259
Conclusions 260
References 261
Fragmentation in a Novel Implementation of Slotted GPON Segmentation and Reassembly 262
Introduction 262
FPGA Based GPON Emulator 263
Parallelism and Pipelines in the GPON Emulator 264
Common Method to Achieve Better Performance and Higher Throughput 264
Common Techniques of Parallelism and Pipelining as used in the GPON Emulator 265
Issues Facing Current GPON SAR Implementations 266
NovelGPONSAR 267
Efficiency Advantages Verified by OPNET Simulation Results 268
Conclusions 273
References 273
TCP Performance over Gigabit-Capable Passive Optical Networks 275
Introduction 275
TCP and Asymmetry Issues 276
Related Work 277
Goal and Structure of the Paper 277
Model 278
Packet Transmission Times 278
Special Case: Small Packets 281
ACK Compression 282
Simulation Results 283
Download-Only Case: Fixed Bandwidth Allocation 283
Impact of DBA 286
Simultaneous Downloading and Uploading 287
Conclusions and Perspectives 289
References 289
A Fast Channel Switching Method in EPON System for IPTV Service 291
Introduction 291
Problem Analysis 292
The Fast Channel Switching Method 294
The Fast IPTV Channel Switching Processing Procedure 294
Generating and Maintaining Channel List 295
Layered Implementations in ONU and OLT 296
Message Sequences for Two Channel Switching Cases 296
Test Bed 297
Conclusion 298
References 298
WDM Dynamic Bandwidth Allocation Schemes for Ethernet PONs 300
Introduction 300
WDM PON 301
Control Message 301
WDM IPACT 302
WDM IPACT-ST 304
Simulations 304
Differentiated Services WDM IPACT-ST 306
Conclusions 307
References 308
VoIP Performance with Aggressive AMC and SINR Feedback for WiMAX Downlink 309
Introduction 309
System Model 310
WiMAX Downlink Frame Structure 310
VoIP Traffic Model in WiMAX 310
VoIP with Aggressive AMC and SINR Feedback in WiMAX 311
Bundling of Voice Frame (Packet) 311
Feedback of SINR 313
Aggressive AMC 313
Scheduling Algorithm 313
Simulation Configurations 314
Simulation Parameters 314
Simulation Statistics 314
Results and Analysis 315
Performance of Frame Bundling for VoIP in WiMAX 315
Performance of Aggressive AMC for VoIP in WiMAX 318
Conclusions 321
References 321
Performance of Adaptive Sub-carrier and Bit Allocation Algorithms for Multi-user OFDM Wireless Systems 323
Introduction 323
System Model 324
Algorithm Comparisons 326
Bit Allocation Algorithms for Single User 326
Adaptive Sub-carrier and Bit Allocation Algorithms for Multi-users 327
Simulation Results 329
Conclusions 332
References 332
Proportional Increase Multiplicative Decrease (PIMD) Wireless Scheduler: An Efficient Scheduler for IEEE 802.11e HCF 334
Introduction 334
Background and Literature Survey of Wireless Scheduler 335
QoS and Wireless Scheduling 335
Wireless Schedulers for IEEE 802.11e WLAN 336
Proportional Increase Multiplicative Decrease (PIMD) Wireless Scheduler for IEEE 802.11e 337
Initialization of PIMD 337
The PIMD Algorithm 338
Discussion 339
Experimental Result 339
Test Scenario 1: Only VBR Traffic 340
Test Scenario 2: Simultaneous Audio, VBR, and CBR Traffic 341
Conclusion 342
References 342
Appropriate Templates for Broadband Access in Non-developed and Developing Countries 344
Introduction 344
User Classification 344
Recommended Access Methods 346
Conclusion 351
References 351
A Unified Framework of the Performance Evaluation of Optical Time-Wavelength Code-Division Multiple-Access Systems 352
Introduction 352
System Model 353
Overlapped Interference Sequences Identification 355
Hits Quantification due to Overlap 356
MAI Limited BER Analysis 358
Numerical Results and Discussion 361
Conclusion 363
References 364
Performance Analysis of Multi-format WDM-RoF Links Based on Low Cost Laser and SOA 365
Introduction 365
UMTS, WLAN and WiMAX Signals 366
Semiconductor Optical Amplifier 368
Experimental Setup and Results 368
Conclusions 375
References 375
Performance Evaluation of the Cable Bundle Unique Power Back-Off Algorithm 376
Introduction 376
Standardized Upstream Power Back-Off for VDSL Systems 378
Description of the Cable Bundle Unique Power Back-Off Algorithm 379
Parameter Estimation for CUPBO 379
Optimization Strategies 381
Optimization Algorithm 381
Description of the Demonstrator Platform 382
Implementation Details 382
Performance Evaluation and Discussions 384
Performance Evaluation for the Two-User Case 384
Performance Evaluation for the Three-User Case 389
Further Discussions 389
Conclusions 389
References 390
Estimating Video Quality over ADSL2+ under Impulsive Line Disturbance 392
Introduction 392
Experiment Configuration 393
Testbed and Experiment Procedure 394
Noise Modeling and Generation 395
Configuration Parameters 396
Experiment Results Analysis 397
Metric Correlation 399
Video Performance Estimation Models 400
Modeling Methodology 400
Estimating Packet Loss 401
Estimating Video Quality 403
Related Work 405
Conclusions 406
References 407
Wireless Channel Condition Aware Scheduling Algorithm for Hybrid Optical/Wireless Networks 408
Introduction 408
Background and Related Work 409
Design Issues 410
Architectures 411
Topology Management 412
Resource Management and QoS Support 412
System Model and Gateway Node Functions 413
Scheduler Design 413
Function Overview 413
Problem Statement 415
Scheduling Algorithm 416
Simulation Results 418
Conclusion and Future Work 419
References 419
Planning Multitechnology Access Networks with Performance Constraints 421
Introduction 421
The Modeling Framework 424
The Notation 424
Cost Functions 427
Preprocessing 428
The Model 429
Numerical Results 429
An Illustrative Example 430
Performance Evaluation 432
Conclusions and Further Works 434
References 435
Loop Identification and Capacity Estimation of Digital Subscriber Lines with Single Ended Line Testing 438
Introduction 438
Theoretical Background 439
Difficulties 442
Near-End Reflection 443
Dispersion 443
Spatial Resolution 444
Proposed Approach 446
Processing 447
Non-parametric Estimation 449
Parametric Estimation 450
Conclusions 450
References 451
Optical CDMA with Embedded Spectral-Polarization Coding over Double Balanced Differential-Detector 452
Introduction 452
System Configuration 454
Encoder Scheme 454
Decoder Scheme 454
Mathematical Analyses 455
Codec Scheme over AWG-Based 455
MAI Cancellation 457
Performance Analysis 458
Signal Power Evaluation 458
PIIN Power Evaluation 459
Signal to PIIN Ratio Evaluation 461
Simulations and Discussions 463
Conclusions 465
References 466
Robust Coverage and Performance Testing for Large-Area Wireless Networks 468
Introduction 468
Related Work 469
Method 470
Considerations for Radio 470
Sampling Design 471
Case Study: Portland, Oregon 473
Locating Access Points 474
Sampling Design 474
Test Device and Procedure 474
Results 476
Conclusion 479
References 479
Author Index 481