Protostellar Jets in Context (eBook)

Preface 9
Contents 11
Contributors 20
Part I Introductory Reviews 32
Astrophysical Jets 33
1 Introduction 33
2 The Disk-Jet Connection 34
2.1 Systems Producing Collimated Jets 34
2.2 Does the Formation of Jets Require an Accretion Disk? 35
3 Clues on the Jet Formation Mechanism 37
The Jet Origin 37
References 38
Jets from Young Stars 40
1 Introduction 41
2 Classical Herbig-Haro Objects 41
3 Irradiated Jets and Outflows 43
4 Outflows from Massive Stars 45
References 48
Part II The Star/Jet/Disk System 50
The Star-Jet-Disk System and Angular Momentum Transfer 51
1 Introduction 51
2 The Energy Problem 52
3 The Protostellar Phase 52
4 Stellar Wind Braking 53
5 Magnetospheric Braking 54
6 Twist and Shout 55
7 ``Twister' Model with Magnetic Heating 56
8 Observational Consequences 58
References 59
Hot Inner Winds from T Tauri Stars 61
1 Introduction 62
2 Diagnostics of the Cool Component of the Wind 62
3 Is There a Hot Component to the Winds of CTTSs? 64
4 Summary and Future Work 66
References 68
Hot Gas in Accretion Disks and Jets: An UV View of Star Formation 70
1 Introduction: The Jets Engine 70
2 Accretion Shocks 72
3 Ion Belts 73
4 Interaction of the Outflows with the Environment 74
References 75
Generalized Multipole X-Wind Model 77
1 Equations of the Generalized X-Wind Model 77
2 Comparison to Observations 81
References 82
Instabilities in Accretion Disks 83
1 Introduction 83
2 A Zoo of Instabilities 85
3 The MRI 86
4 The MRI in Protoplanetary Disks 89
5 Global Simulations of the MRI 89
6 Summary 90
References 91
Theory of Wind-Driving Protostellar Disks 93
1 Introduction 94
2 The Disk--Wind Connection 95
3 Formation of Magnetically Threaded Disks 96
4 Equilibrium Structure and Stability of Disk/Wind Systems 97
5 Conclusion 100
References 101
Aspect Ratio Dependence in Magnetorotational Instability Shearing Box Simulations 103
1 Motivations 104
2 Results 104
3 Conclusions 107
References 107
Advection/Diffusion of Large Scale Magnetic Field in Accretion Disks 109
1 Introduction 110
2 Theory 110
References 113
Magnetic Reconnection in Accretion Disk Systems:From BHs to YSOs 115
1 Introduction 116
2 MR in Microquasars 116
3 MR in AGNs/Quasars 118
4 MR in YSOS 119
References 120
Part III Jet Launching 122
Self-Collimated Jets from Accretion Discs and Star-disc Interaction Zones 123
1 Introduction 123
2 Disc Winds 125
3 Winds from the Star-disc Interaction Zone 128
3.1 A Y-type Configuration: X-winds 129
3.2 A X-type Configuration: Reconnection X-winds 130
4 Conclusion 132
References 133
Large-Scale 3D Simulations of Protostellar Jets 135
1 Introduction 136
2 Simulation Setup 136
3 Results 137
3.1 Emission Line Maps 137
4 Summary 139
References 140
Magnetic Field Advection in Weakly Magnetised Viscous Resistive Accretion Disks: Numerical Simulations 141
1 Motivation 142
2 Method 142
3 Results 143
3.1 Field Advection in the Accretion Disk 143
3.2 Numerical Jet Launching 144
4 Summary 145
References 145
Extending Analytical MHD Jet Formation Modelswith a Finite Disk Radius 147
1 Introduction 148
2 Numerical Models 148
3 Comparison with Observations 149
4 Summary 152
References 152
Magnetohydrodynamic Jets from Different Magnetic Field Configurations 154
1 Jets as Collimated MHD Flows 155
2 Model Setup 155
2.1 Boundary Conditions 156
2.2 Initial Conditions 156
3 Disk Wind Magnetization and Jet Collimation 157
4 Jet Mass Flux Triggered by Star-disk Magnetospheric Flares 157
References 159
Resistive MHD Jet Simulations with Large Resistivity 160
1 Introduction 161
2 New Characteristic Number 162
3 Results 163
References 164
The X-wind Model 165
1 Introduction 165
2 General Properties of the X-wind 166
3 Mathematical Formulation and Global Solutions 167
4 Observational Tests 169
4.1 Multipolar Funnel Flow 170
4.2 Disk Locking 170
4.3 Jet Rotation and Launch Radius 170
5 Magnetized Disks and Implication for Disk Winds and X-winds 171
References 172
Disk-Magnetosphere Interaction and Outflows: Conical Winds and Axial Jets 175
1 Introduction 176
2 Conical Winds 176
2.1 Axisymmetric (2.5D) Simulations 176
2.2 The Fluxes of Matter and Angular Momentum 178
2.3 3D Simulations 179
3 Enhanced Accretion and Outflows 180
4 Outflows in the ``Propeller" Regime 181
5 Conclusions 182
References 184
Simulating the Launching of YSO Jets 186
1 Introduction 186
2 Disk Winds 187
3 Stellar Winds 188
4 Magnetospheric Ejections 190
5 Summary and Conclusions 191
References 191
On the Effect of Stellar Wind Braking onto the Central Object 193
1 Introduction: Multicomponent Outflows 194
2 An Example of an Efficiently Braking Stellar Wind Solution 195
3 Extension to Relativistic Flows in Kerr Metrics 196
References 198
Flaring Activity in Accretion Flows of Young Stellar Objects 199
1 Introduction 200
2 Modeling Flares on YSO 201
3 Modeling Flares in Accreting Flux Tubes 202
References 203
Similarities of the Launching Mechanismin Protostellar/AGN Jets 204
1 Introduction 205
2 Jet Formation from a Disk Initially Threaded by Large-scale Poloidal Magnetic Fields 205
3 Jet Formation by Expansion of Magnetic Loops Connecting a Star and its Disk 208
4 Formation of Outflows from Turbulent Accretion Disks 209
5 Summary 211
References 212
Formation of Episodic Magnetically Driven Radiatively Cooled Plasma Jets in Laboratory Experiments 214
1 Introduction 215
2 Experimental Setup 216
3 Formation of Episodic Magnetic Tower Jets 217
4 Jet Propagation in an Ambient Gas 219
5 Summary 221
References 222
Jets in the MHD Context 224
1 The Steady, Axisymmetric, Ideal MHD Description 225
1.1 Bernoulli Equation 225
1.2 Transfield Equation 227
2 The Analytical Solution 229
References 230
Part IV Observational Constraints on Jet Launching 231
Jets from Embedded Protostars 232
1 Introduction 232
1.1 Diagnostic on Physical Properties of Embedded Jets 233
1.2 Observations of the Jet Base 236
1.3 Class 0 Molecular jets 238
2 Conclusions 240
References 240
Accretion Luminosity of Embedded Protostars 242
1 Accretion in Class I objects 242
2 Sample and Observations 243
3 Spectra 244
4 Accretion Diagnostics 245
5 Results 246
5.1 ADYOs 246
5.2 Accretion and Ejection 247
References 247
Resolved Inner Jets from T Tauri Stars 248
1 Introduction 249
2 Observations from the Ground with Adaptive Optics 249
3 Observations from Space with the HST 250
4 Jet Rotation: A Discussion 252
References 255
Searching for Jet Rotation Signatures in Class 0 and I Jets 258
1 Introduction 259
2 Observations and Data Reduction 260
3 Analysis of Spectra 260
4 Results 260
5 Conclusions 261
References 262
Observational Constraints to Steady Jet Models in Young Stars 263
1 Introduction 263
2 Jet Collimation Mechanism 264
3 Jet Acceleration, Wide-Angle Structure, and Molecular Counterparts 265
3.1 Kinematics Along the Jet 265
3.2 Constraints from the Wide-Angle Flow Structure 267
3.3 Molecular H2 Counterparts in TTS 268
3.4 Molecule Survival in MHD Disk Winds 268
4 Updated Constraints from Jet Rotation 268
4.1 Cautionary Notes: The Examples of HH 211 and HH 212 270
5 Jet Mass-Flux and Jet Power 271
6 Conclusions 271
References 272
Searching for Brown Dwarf Outflows 274
1 Introduction 274
2 Targets, Observations and Analysis 275
3 Results 276
References 278
Protostellar Jets Driven by Intermediate- and High-Mass Protostars: An Evolutionary Scenario? 281
1 Intermediate- & High-Mass Jets in Context
2 IR Spectra: The Importance of the Cold H2 Component 282
3 An Evolutionary Scenario? 283
References 286
General Properties of Jets from Active Galactic Nucleiand Comparison with Protostellar Jets 287
1 Introduction 288
2 The Radio Galaxies 289
2.1 The Fanaroff-Riley Classification 290
2.2 The Jet Composition 291
2.3 The Jet Acceleration 292
3 AGN vs Protostellar Jets 292
4 Summary 294
References 295
Part V Jet Propagation, Stability, Interaction with the Environment,X-ray Emission 296
The Kelvin-Helmholtz Instability in Stellar Jets 297
1 Introduction 297
2 KHI: General Properties 298
2.1 Linear Analysis 298
2.2 Non Linear Analysis 299
3 KHI: Radiative Losses 300
4 KHI: Magnetized jets 302
5 Conclusions 304
References 305
Radiative Jets from Variable Sources 307
1 Introduction 308
2 The Numerical Simulations 308
2.1 The Basic Setup 308
2.2 Single- and two-mode Sinusoidal Ejection Velocity Variability 309
2.3 Non-sinusoidal Ejection Velocity Variability 311
2.4 A 3D Simulation of a Variable, Precessing jet 312
3 Conclusions 313
References 314
Position-Velocity Analysis of HH 111: Physical Structureand Dust Content 316
1 Introduction 317
2 The Jet Physical Structure in Position and Velocity 317
3 The Presence of Dust in the Jet 319
References 321
Application of Tomographic Techniques to Stellar Jets 322
1 Introduction 322
2 Method to Determine the Physical Parameters 323
2.1 Emission Line Map Inversion 323
2.2 Jet Diagnostics 325
3 Application to the HH30 jet 325
4 Conclusions 326
References 327
Measurement of Magnetic Fields in Stellar Jets 328
1 Introduction 329
2 Zeeman Splitting 330
2.1 Physics: Effect of Magnetic Fields on Energy Levels 330
2.2 Line Splitting and Polarization Examples 332
3 Synchrotron and Cyclotron Emission 333
3.1 Physics: Continuum Emission from Particlesin a Magnetic Field 333
3.2 The Case of T Tauri-S 335
4 Magnetic Pressure in Cooling Zones of Shocks 335
4.1 Physics: Magnetic Pressure in Postshock Cooling Zones 335
4.2 Application of Cooling Zone Method to Stellar Jets 335
5 Implications for a Velocity-Variable Magnetic Flow 336
6 Summary 337
References 337
Jet Kinematics 339
1 Introduction 339
2 Internal jet Structure 340
2.1 Motions within the beam and the bow shock Structure 340
2.2 Knot Formation 342
2.3 PMs from HST 343
2.4 Velocity Components, Asymmetries, and jet Rotation 343
3 Large Scale jet Structure 344
3.1 Parsec-scale Flows 344
3.2 H2 Kinematics 344
3.3 Jet Precession, Bending and Deflection 345
4 Jet Time-Variability 345
5 Summary 347
References 348
Synthetic Jets -- from Models to Observations and Back 350
1 Introduction 350
2 Inversion of Position-Velocity Diagrams for Stellar Jets 351
3 Inversion of Synchrotron Emission for AGN Jets 352
4 Concluding Remarks 354
References 354
X-Ray Emission from Young Stellar Jets 356
1 Introduction 357
2 A Bipolar X-Ray Jet from DG Tau 357
3 Two-Absorber X-Ray Spectra: Evidence for Jets? 357
4 Interpretation and Discussion 359
References 360
The Complex Morphology of the X-Ray and Optical Emission from HH 154: The Pulsed Jet Scenario 362
1 X-Ray Emission from Herbig-Haro Objects 363
2 A Simple Model: X-Ray Emission of the Shock from a Continuous Jet 363
3 Complex Morphology of the X-Ray source from HH 154 Joint Optical/X-Ray Observations364
4 The Pulsed Jet Scenario Explaining the X-Ray Morphology 364
References 367
Radiative Shocks in the Context of Young Stellar Objects: A Combined Analysis from Experiments and Simulations 368
1 Introduction 369
2 Experimental Radiative Shocks 370
3 Modeling Laboratory Radiative Shocks 371
4 Conclusions 373
References 373
X-Ray Imaging Spectroscopy of Planetary Nebulae in the Chandra/XMM Era: New Insight into Stellar Jets 375
1 Introduction 376
2 Tracing a Transformation: NGC 7027 376
3 Revealing Shaping Agents: Menzel 3 and Hubble 5 378
4 Conclusions 379
References 379
3D Modeling of the 2006 Nova Outburst of RS Ophiuchi: Collimated Outflows and Jet-Like Ejections 380
1 Introduction 381
2 The Model 381
3 Results 382
4 Summary and Conclusions 383
References 385
Part VI Molecular Outflows and Turbulence Injection by Jets 386
Molecular Outflows: Observations 387
1 Molecular Outflows in Context 388
2 Current Challenges in Molecular Outflow Research 389
3 CO Observations of Molecular Outflows 390
4 Rare and Complex Molecules in Molecular Outflows 391
5 The Evolution of Young Protostellar Outflows 392
6 The Chemistry of Molecular EHV Jets 393
7 A Case of Study: The Outflow from IRAS04166+2706 394
8 Conclusions and Future Prospects 396
References 397
Driving Mechanisms for Molecular Outflows 400
1 Introduction 400
2 Fundamental Properties of Molecular Outflows 401
3 Models of Outflows 403
3.1 Steady-State Entrainment 403
3.2 Jet-Driven Outflows: ``Prompt Entrainment' 404
3.3 Wind-Driven Outflows 405
4 Jet-Driven versus Wind-Driven Outflows 407
5 Conclusions 408
References 408
Protostellar Jet and Outflow in the Collapsing Cloud Core 410
1 Introduction 411
2 Model 411
3 Results 412
4 Discussion 414
References 415
Outflow Driven Turbulence in Star Forming Clouds 416
1 Introduction 417
1.1 Single Jets and Turbulence 418
1.2 Jet Morphology 418
1.3 Turbulence and Kinetic Energy Power Spectra 421
2 Multiple Jet Driven Turbulence 421
3 Summary 424
References 424
Jet Driven Turbulence? 426
1 Introduction 427
2 Turbulence from Single Jets 427
3 Global Collapse with Mechanical Feedback 429
4 Summary and Conclusion 430
References 431
Prospects for Outflow and Jet Science with ALMA 433
1 Introduction 433
2 Capabilities of ALMA 434
2.1 Design 434
2.2 Scientific Capabilities 435
3 Potential Outflow and Jet Studies with ALMA 436
3.1 Molecular Outflow Surveys with ALMA 437
3.2 Jet and Outflow Proper Motions with ALMA 438
3.3 Jet/Outflow Shocks and Chemistry 438
3.4 Calorimetry: Measuring the True Power of Outflows 439
3.5 Towards the Central Engine: Launch, Collimation and Rotation 440
3.6 Probing the Magnetic Field in Outflow Sources 440
4 Conclusions 441
References 441
Part VII JETSET Early Stage Researcher Presentations 443
Two-component Jet Simulations: Combining Analyticaland Numerical Approaches 444
1 Introduction 445
2 Numerical Two-component Jet Models 446
3 Results 447
4 Conclusions 448
References 448
Jets from Young Stellar Objects: From MHD Simulationsto Synthetic Observations 450
1 Introduction 451
2 The Cooling Module 451
3 Synthetic Observations 452
3.1 Emission Maps 452
3.2 Position-velocity Diagrams 453
3.3 Synthetic Spectra 454
4 Conclusions 454
References 455
Molecular Cooling in Large Scale Simulationsof Protostellar Jets 456
1 Introduction and Aim 457
2 Method 458
3 Simulation Results 458
4 Ongoing Work 460
References 461
Survival of Molecules in MHD Disk Winds 462
1 Introduction 462
2 Chemical Modelling of Disk Winds 463
3 Molecular Constituent of the Wind Gas 464
4 Conclusions 465
References 466
Sheared Magnetic Field and Kelvin Helmholtz Instability 467
1 Introduction 468
2 Model and Numerical Methods 468
2.1 The Model 468
2.2 Numerical Methods 468
3 Results 469
3.1 Single Layer Simulations 469
3.1.1 Linear Results 469
3.1.2 Non-linear Results 469
3.2 Slab-jet Simulation 471
References 472
Jets from Class 0 Protostars: A Mid-IR Spitzer View 473
1 L1448-C 473
1.1 H2 Emission 473
1.2 Atomic Emission 474
2 HH211-mm 475
2.1 Morphology 475
2.2 H2 Emission 476
2.3 Atomic Emission 477
References 477
0.15 Study of the Atomic and Molecular Jets in DG Tau 479
1 Introduction 480
2 Jet Morphology 480
3 Atomic [FeII] Component: Excitation Conditions and Mass-loss Rates 481
4 Molecular Cavity (H2) 483
5 Conclusions 484
References 484
Velocity Resolved IR Diagnostics of Class I Jets 486
1 Introduction 487
2 Kinematics of the HH34 and HH46-47 Jets near the Exciting Sources 488
3 Diagnostics of Physical Parameters 488
References 490
Laboratory Astrophysics: Episodic Jet Ejections 492
1 Introduction: The Role of Laboratory Astrophysics 493
2 Episodic Jet Emission 493
2.1 Radial Foil Z-pinch and YSO Multi Bubble Formation 493
2.2 Radial Foil General Dynamics 494
2.3 Knots Collimation 495
3 Episodic Jet Emission in an Ambient Medium 495
3.1 Astrophysical Motivation 495
3.2 X-ray Emission Regions 495
3.3 Bubble Confinement 496
References 497
Parameter Study in Disk Jet Systems 498
1 Introduction 499
2 Model Description 500
3 Results-Conclusions 501
References 503
Early Stage Development of the Jetset Database 504
Part VIII Posters 506
Shaping Planetary Nebulae by Jets 507
1 Numerical Simulations 507
2 Results and Summary 508
References 510
New Herbig-Haro Objects in the Gulf of Mexico 511
1 Introduction 512
2 Herbig-Haro Objects 512
References 513
Launching Jets from MRI-driven Accretion Discs 514
1 Numerics and Setup 514
2 Results 515
References 516
Properties of Jet Emitting Discs 518
1 Context 518
2 Including the Jets in the Disc Structure Calculation 519
3 Summary of Results and Perspective 519
References 520
The H2 Velocity Field of Inner Knots in HH 212 521
Magnetic Fields in Low-Mass Star Forming Regions: Alignment to Jets/Outflows? 524
1 Introduction: Magnetic Fields and Jets/Outflows 524
2 Analysis and Conclusions 525
References 526
Interacting Knots in Jets: Simulations vs. Observations 527
References 529
Wide Field JCMT HARP-B CO(3-2) Mapping of the Serpens Cloud Core 530
1 Abstract 530
2 Outflow activity, Momentum flux vs bolometric luminosity 530
References 531
Numerical Simulations of Herbig Haro Objects: A Low Excitation HH Object 533
1 Introduction 534
2 The Model 535
3 Conclusions/Summary 535
References 535
Soft X-rays from DG Tau: A Physical Jet Model 536
References 538
Multifluid Simulations of the Kelvin-Helmholtz Instability in a Weakly Ionised Plasma 539
1 Initial Set-up 539
2 Results 540
3 Analysis and Conclusions 540
References 541
Large-scale 3D Simulations of Protostellar Jets: Long-term Stability and Jet Rotation 542
1 Introduction 543
2 Results 543
3 Summary and Conclusions 544
References 544
Extragalactic Jets with Helical Magnetic Fields 545
1 Equations, Setup, and Jet Propagation Characteristics 546
2 Power Maps for Varying Field 546
References 547
Jets from Collapsing Stars 548
1 Introduction 548
2 Jets in Magnetosphere of Collapsing Star 549
References 550
Outflows in High-Mass Star Forming Regions 551
1 The Structure and Kinematics of Massive SFRs 552
Reference 553
Astrophysical Jet Experiment 554
1 Context 554
2 Experimental Setup and Results 555
References 556
References 556
The Angular Momentum of Dense Clumps in Elephant Trunks 557
1 Model and Setup 557
2 Conclusions 558
References 558
A Precessing Jet in the NGC2264G Outflow 559
References 560
Line Diagnostics of Large Scale Jets from Classical T Tauri Stars: The Case of DG Tau 562
1 Introduction 562
2 Results and Analysis -- DG Tau Jet (HH158) 563
References 564
Relativistic Two-Component Hydrodynamic Jets 565
1 Equations, and Setup 566
2 Nonlinear Evolution and Stability 566
References 567
The Physical Properties of the RW Aur Bipolar Jet from HST/STIS High-Resolution Spectra 568
1 Introduction 568
2 Diagnostic Results from Spectroscopy: Basic Physical Parameters 569
3 Radial Velocity Asymmetry and Mass Flux Rate 569
4 Comparison with Other T Tau Jets 569
References 570
Stability of Magnetized Spine-Sheath Relativistic Jets 571
1 RMHD Spine-Sheath Simulations 571
References 573
Chemical Models of Hot Molecules at Shocks in Outflows 574
References 575
Survival of H2 and CO in MHD Disk Winds of Class 0, Class I and Class II Stars 576
1 Test Cases 576
2 Results 577
References 577
Three-Fluid Magnetohydrodynamics in Star Formation 578
1 Magneto-Hydrodynamic Equations and Momentum Transfer Rate Coefficients 579
References 580
Physical Conditions of the Shocked Regions of Planetary Nebulae 581
1 Introduction 581
2 Numerical Simulations and Results 582
References 582
The Jets of the Proto-Planetary Nebula CRL 618 583
1 Observations 583
2 Kinematical Properties 584
3 Emission Line Ratios and Excitation Conditions 584
References 584
The Formation of Filamentary Structures in Radiative Cluster Winds 585
1 Radiative Losses in a Cluster Wind 585
2 Conclusions 586
References 586
Hydrodynamic Modeling of Accretion Shock on CTTSs 587
References 589
MRI and Outflows: Angular Momentum Transport in Protoplanetary Disks 590
1 Formulation 590
2 Results 591
References 592
Analysis of the Central X-ray Source in DG Tau 593
References 595
Verification of Candidate Protostellar Outflows in GLIMPSE 596
1 Scientific Objective, Observations and Data Reduction 596
2 Results and Discussion 597
References 598
Young Stellar Jets and Outflows in the Massive Star Forming Complex W5 599
1 Introduction 599
2 Observations 600
3 Conclusions 601
References 601
Water Masers and Radio Continuum Emission Tracing Thermal Radio Jets 602
1 Introduction 602
2 Results and Discussion 602
References 604
Effects of Flaring Activity on Dynamics of Accretion Disks in YSOs 605
1 Problem Statement 607
2 Results and Discussion 607
References 607
Index 608
A Color Figures 613