Molecular Mechanisms of Bacterial Infection via the Gut (eBook)

Preface 6
Contents 8
Contributors 9
Functional Morphology of the Gastrointestinal Tract 12
Abbreviations 13
1 Introduction 13
2 Organization of the Gastrointestinal Tract Wall 14
3 Regional Specification of the Gastrointestinal Tract 16
4 Specialization Along the Vertical Axis: From Crypt to Villus 17
5 Stem Cells, Intestinal Proliferation, and Differentiation 18
6 Specialized Epithelial Cells of the Gastrointestinal Tract 19
7 Basement Membrane and the Intestinal Epithelial Cells 24
8 Maintenance and Regulation of the Epithelial Barrier 25
9 Gastrointestinal Immune System 33
References 38
Vibrio cholerae Interactions with the Gastrointestinal Tract: Lessons from Animal Studies 47
1 Introduction 48
2 V. cholerae Classification, Genomics and Evolution 48
3 Observations from Studies of Cholera Patients 50
4 Historical Perspective on Animal Models of V. cholerae Pathogenicity 51
5 V. cholerae Genes Important for Intestinal Colonization 52
6 Classes of V. cholerae colonization mutants 59
7 Dynamics of V. cholerae Gene Expression within the Intestine 60
8 Importance of V. cholerae Chemotaxis for Intestinal Colonization 61
9 Is Quorum Sensing Regulation Important for Intestinal Colonization? 62
10 Concluding Remarks 62
References 63
Interaction of Yersinia with the Gut: Mechanisms of Pathogenesis and Immune Evasion 70
1 Introduction 71
2 Pathogenic Strategies 73
3 Host Adaptation, Sensing, and Virulence Gene Expression 73
4 Adherence, Tissue Invasion, and Associated Aspects of Innate Immune Evasion 76
5 Role of Ail and YadA in Complement Resistance and Immune Evasion 79
6 Type Three Secretion 80
7 Interaction with the Innate Immune System 84
8 Interaction with the Adaptive Immune System 88
9 New Insights on Old Paradigms 89
10 Unresolved Aspects of Pathogenesis 92
11 Summary 92
References 93
Molecular Mechanisms of Salmonella Virulence and Host Resistance 101
Abbreviations 102
1 Salmonelloses 103
2 Animal Models and Overview of the Disease 104
3 S. Typhimurium Virulence Determinants 106
4 Host Response to Salmonella Infection: Resistance/ Susceptibility Genes 113
5 Contribution of Host Phagocytic Cells and Their Role in S. typhimurium Infection 116
6 Nramp1 and its Role in Salmonellosis 119
7 Conclusions and Perspectives 122
References 124
Virulence Mechanisms and Persistence Strategies of the Human Gastric Pathogen Helicobacter pylori 136
Abbreviations 137
1 Introduction 137
2 Colonization of the Gastric Mucosa 138
3 Pathogenicity Factors Associated with Disease 144
4 Mechanisms of Immune Evasion 152
5 H. pylori and the Development of Gastric Cancer 160
6 Conclusions 162
References 162
Listeria as an Enteroinvasive Gastrointestinal Pathogen 179
1 Introduction 180
2 Listeria as an Enteroinvasive Gastrointestinal Pathogen 181
3 Entry and Invasion of Listeria 182
4 Factors Supporting Gastrointestinal Persistence and Survival 189
5 Cellular Processes Affecting Listeria Survival in the Gastrointestinal Tract 193
6 Gastrointestinal Listeriosis and Involvement of Other Diseases 194
7 Persistence in Chronic Listeriosis 195
8 Outlook and Perspective 195
References 196
Molecular Mechanisms of Campylobacter Infection 202
1 Introduction 203
2 C. jejuni Genetics and Diversity 204
3 C. jejuni Virulence Repertoire 207
4 Mucosal Infection by C. jejuni 213
5 Cellular Response to Infection 220
6 Experimental Campylobacter Infection Models 222
7 Conclusions and Outlook 223
References 224
Shigella Infection of Intestinal Epithelium and Circumvention of the Host Innate Defense System 235
1 Introduction 236
2 Invasion of Intestinal Epithelium 237
3 Dissemination of Shigella Among epithelial cells 240
4 Intestinal Inflammation Caused by Shigella Infection 244
5 Modulation of Host Inflammatory Response 247
6 Intracellular Survival Strategies 248
7 Conclusion 251
References 252
Index 260