Seismic Design, Assessment and Retrofitting of Concrete Buildings (eBook)
XXIV, 744 Seiten
Springer Netherlands (Verlag)
978-1-4020-9842-0 (ISBN)
Reflecting the historic first European seismic code, this professional book focuses on seismic design, assessment and retrofitting of concrete buildings, with thorough reference to, and application of, EN-Eurocode 8. Following the publication of EN-Eurocode 8 in 2004-05, 30 countries are now introducing this European standard for seismic design, for application in parallel with existing national standards (till March 2010) and exclusively after that. Eurocode 8 is also expected to influence standards in countries outside Europe, or at the least, to be applied there for important facilities. Owing to the increasing awareness of the threat posed by existing buildings substandard and deficient buildings and the lack of national or international standards for assessment and retrofitting, its impact in that field is expected to be major.
Written by the lead person in the development of the EN-Eurocode 8, the present handbook explains the principles and rationale of seismic design according to modern codes and provides thorough guidance for the conceptual seismic design of concrete buildings and their foundations. It examines the experimental behaviour of concrete members under cyclic loading and modelling for design and analysis purposes; it develops the essentials of linear or nonlinear seismic analysis for the purposes of design, assessment and retrofitting (especially using Eurocode 8); and gives detailed guidance for modelling concrete buildings at the member and at the system level. Moreover, readers gain access to overviews of provisions of Eurocode 8, plus an understanding for them on the basis of the simple models of the element behaviour presented in the book.
Also examined are the modern trends in performance- and displacement-based seismic assessment of existing buildings, comparing the relevant provisions of Eurocode 8 with those of new US prestandards, and details of the most common and popular seismic retrofitting techniques for concrete buildings and guidance for retrofitting strategies at the system level. Comprehensive walk-through examples of detailed design elucidate the application of Eurocode 8 to common situations in practical design. Examples and case studies of seismic assessment and retrofitting of a few real buildings are also presented.
From the reviews:
'This is a massive book that has no equal in the published literature, as far as the reviewer knows. It is dense and comprehensive and leaves nothing to chance. It is certainly taxing on the reader and the potential user, but without it, use of Eurocode 8 will be that much more difficult. In short, this is a must-read book for researchers and practitioners in Europe, and of use to readers outside of Europe too. This book will remain an indispensable backup to Eurocode 8 and its existing Designers' Guide to EN 1998-1 and EN 1998-5 (published in 2005), for many years to come. Congratulations to the author for a very well planned scope and contents, and for a flawless execution of the plan'. AMR S. ELNASHAI
'The book is an impressive source of information to understand the response of reinforced concrete buildings under seismic loads with the ultimate goal of presenting and explaining the state of the art of seismic design. Underlying the contents of the book is the in-depth knowledge of the author in this field and in particular his extremely important contribution to the development of the European Design Standard EN 1998 - Eurocode 8: Design of structures for earthquake resistance. However, although Eurocode 8 is at the core of the book, many comparisons are made to other design practices, namely from the US and from Japan, thus enriching the contents and interest of the book'. EDUARDO C. CARVALHO
Reflecting the historic first European seismic code, this professional book focuses on seismic design, assessment and retrofitting of concrete buildings, with thorough reference to, and application of, EN-Eurocode 8. Following the publication of EN-Eurocode 8 in 2004-05, 30 countries are now introducing this European standard for seismic design, for application in parallel with existing national standards (till March 2010) and exclusively after that. Eurocode 8 is also expected to influence standards in countries outside Europe, or at the least, to be applied there for important facilities. Owing to the increasing awareness of the threat posed by existing buildings substandard and deficient buildings and the lack of national or international standards for assessment and retrofitting, its impact in that field is expected to be major.Written by the lead person in the development of the EN-Eurocode 8, the present handbook explains the principles and rationale of seismic design according to modern codes and provides thorough guidance for the conceptual seismic design of concrete buildings and their foundations. It examines the experimental behaviour of concrete members under cyclic loading and modelling for design and analysis purposes; it develops the essentials of linear or nonlinear seismic analysis for the purposes of design, assessment and retrofitting (especially using Eurocode 8); and gives detailed guidance for modelling concrete buildings at the member and at the system level. Moreover, readers gain access to overviews of provisions of Eurocode 8, plus an understanding for them on the basis of the simple models of the element behaviour presented in the book. Also examined are the modern trends in performance- and displacement-based seismic assessment of existing buildings, comparing the relevant provisions of Eurocode 8 with those of new US prestandards, and details of the most common and popular seismic retrofitting techniques for concrete buildings and guidance for retrofitting strategies at the system level. Comprehensive walk-through examples of detailed design elucidate the application of Eurocode 8 to common situations in practical design. Examples and case studies of seismic assessment and retrofitting of a few real buildings are also presented.From the reviews:"e;This is a massive book that has no equal in the published literature, as far as the reviewer knows. It is dense and comprehensive and leaves nothing to chance. It is certainly taxing on the reader and the potential user, but without it, use of Eurocode 8 will be that much more difficult. In short, this is a must-read book for researchers and practitioners in Europe, and of use to readers outside of Europe too. This book will remain an indispensable backup to Eurocode 8 and its existing Designers Guide to EN 1998-1 and EN 1998-5 (published in 2005), for many years to come. Congratulations to the author for a very well planned scope and contents, and for a flawless execution of the plan"e;. AMR S. ELNASHAI"e;The book is an impressive source of information to understand the response of reinforced concrete buildings under seismic loads with the ultimate goal of presenting and explaining the state of the art of seismic design. Underlying the contents of the book is the in-depth knowledge of the author in this field and in particular his extremely important contribution to the development of the European Design Standard EN 1998 - Eurocode 8: Design of structures for earthquake resistance. However, although Eurocode 8 is at the core of the book, many comparisons are made to other design practices, namely from the US and from Japan, thus enriching the contents and interest of the book"e;. EDUARDO C. CARVALHO
Preface 7
From the Reviews of the Book 8
Preamble 11
Contents 15
1 General Principles for the Design of Concrete Buildings for Earthquake Resistance 22
1.1 Seismic Performance Requirements for Concrete Buildings 22
1.1.1 The Current Situation: Emphasis on Life Safety 22
1.1.2 Performance-Based Requirements 23
1.1.3 Performance-Based Seismic Design, Assessment or Retrofitting According to Eurocode 8 26
1.1.4 Performance-Based Design Aspects of Current US Codes 29
1.2 Force-Based Seismic Design 29
1.2.1 Force-Based Design for Energy-Dissipation and Ductility 30
1.2.2 Force-Based Dimensioning of Ductile ''Dissipative Zones'' and of Other Regions of Members 32
1.3 Control of Inelastic Seismic Response Through Capacity Design 35
1.3.1 The Rationale of Capacity Design 36
1.3.2 The Importance of a Stiff and Strong Vertical Spine in a Building 37
1.3.3 Overview of Capacity-Design-Based Seismic Design Procedure 40
1.3.4 Capacity Design of Columns in Flexure 41
1.3.5 Design of Ductile Walls in Flexure 45
1.3.6 Capacity Design of Members Against Pre-emptive Shear Failure 47
1.3.6.1 The Principle 47
1.3.6.2 Capacity Design Shear of Beams 48
1.3.6.3 Capacity-Design Shear of Columns 52
1.3.6.4 Capacity-Design Shear of ''Ductile Walls'' 54
1.4 The Options of Strength or Ductility in Earthquake-Resistant Design 57
1.4.1 Ductility as an Alternative to Strength 57
1.4.2 The Trade-Off Between Strength and Ductility -- Ductility Classification in Seismic Design Codes 59
1.4.2.1 Eurocode 8 59
1.4.2.2 US Standards 61
1.4.3 Behaviour Factor q of Concrete Buildings Designed for Energy Dissipation 62
1.4.3.1 Eurocode 8 62
1.4.3.2 US Standards 66
2 Conceptual Design of Concrete Buildings for Earthquake Resistance 68
2.1 Principles and Rules for the Conceptual Design of Building Structures 68
2.1.1 The Importance of Conceptual Design for Earthquake Resistance 68
2.1.2 Fundamental Attributes of a Good Structural Layout 71
2.1.3 Clear Lateral-Load-Resisting System 71
2.1.4 Simplicity and Uniformity in the Geometry of the Lateral-Load-Resisting System 73
2.1.5 Symmetry and Regularity in Plan 73
2.1.6 Torsional Stiffness About a Vertical Axis 79
2.1.7 Geometry, Mass and Lateral Stiffness Regular in Elevation 81
2.1.8 Lateral Resistance Characterised by Regularity in Elevation 84
2.1.9 Redundancy of the Lateral Load Resisting System 85
2.1.10 Continuity of the Force Path, Without Local Concentrations of Stresses and Deformation Demands 88
2.1.11 Effective Horizontal Connection of Vertical Elements by Floor Diaphragms at All Floor Levels 89
2.1.12 Minimal Total Mass 92
2.1.13 Absence of Adverse Effects of Elements Not Considered As Part of the Lateral-Load Resisting System and of Masonry Infills in Particular 93
2.1.13.1 Overview of Potential Adverse Effects -- The Position of Eurocode 8 on Masonry Infills 93
2.1.13.2 Irregular Layout of Infills in Plan 95
2.1.13.3 Irregular Distribution of Infills in Elevation 97
2.1.13.4 Potential Local Adverse Effects of Infills 100
2.1.13.5 Avoiding Adverse Effects of Staircases 103
2.2 Frame, Wall or Dual Systems for Concrete Buildings 104
2.2.1 Seismic Behaviour and Conceptual Design of Frame Systems 104
2.2.1.1 Features of the Seismic Behaviour of Frames 104
2.2.1.2 Advantages and Disadvantages of Frames for Earthquake Resistance 105
2.2.1.3 General Guidance for the Conceptual Design of Frames 107
2.2.1.4 Sizing of Beams 110
2.2.1.5 Sizing the Columns 113
2.2.2 Seismic Behaviour and Conceptual Design of Wall Systems 115
2.2.2.1 Definition of What is a Wall 115
2.2.2.2 Optimal Length of Walls 117
2.2.2.3 Foundation of Walls 118
2.2.2.4 Special Features of the Seismic Response of Large Walls 120
2.2.2.5 Behaviour Factors of Wall Systems 121
2.2.2.6 Walls with Non-Rectangular Section or With Openings 122
2.2.2.7 Advantages and Disadvantages of Walls for Earthquake Resistance 123
2.2.3 Dual Systems of Frames and Walls 124
2.2.4 The Special Case of Flat-Slab Frames 126
2.3 Conceptual Design of Shallow (Spread) Foundation Systems for Earthquake-Resistance 129
2.3.1 Introduction 129
2.3.2 Foundation of the Entire Building at the Same Level 131
2.3.3 The Options for Shallow Foundation Systems 133
2.3.3.1 Isolated Footings with Tie-Beams 133
2.3.3.2 Two-Way Systems of Foundation Beams 133
2.3.3.3 Box Type Foundation Systems 134
2.3.4 Capacity Design of the Foundation 136
2.3.5 A Look into the Future for the Seismic Design of Foundations 139
2.4 Examples of Seismic Performance of Buildings with Poor Structural Layout 140
2.4.1 Introductory Remarks 140
2.4.2 Collapse of Wing of Apartment Building in the Athens 1999 Earthquake 140
2.4.3 Collapse of Four-Storey Hotel Building in the Aegio (GR) 1995 Earthquake 144
2.4.4 Collapse of Six-Storey Apartment Building in the Aegio (GR) 1995 Earthquake 145
3 Concrete Members Under Cyclic Loading 150
3.1 The Materials and Their Interaction 150
3.1.1 Reinforcing Steel 150
3.1.1.1 Stress-Strain Behaviour Under Cyclic Uniaxial Loading 150
3.1.1.2 Buckling of Longitudinal Reinforcing Bars in Concrete Members Subjected to Cyclic Flexure and Its Consequences 152
3.1.1.3 Time Effects on the Mechanical Behaviour of Steel 157
3.1.1.4 Requirements on the Reinforcing Steel Used in Earthquake Resistant Construction 158
3.1.2 The Concrete 162
3.1.2.1 Concrete Under Cyclic Uniaxial Compression 162
3.1.2.2 Effects of Confinement on ----- Behaviour in Compression -- Modelling 164
3.1.2.3 Confinement by Transverse Reinforcement 171
3.1.2.4 Confinement by FRP Wrapping 178
3.1.2.5 Concrete Strength Requirements for Earthquake Resistant Buildings 184
3.1.3 Interaction Between Reinforcing Bars and Concrete 185
3.1.3.1 Cyclic Shear Transfer Along Cracks Crossed by Reinforcement 185
3.1.3.2 Bond of Reinforcing Bars to Concrete 187
3.1.4 Concluding Remarks on the Behaviour of Concrete Materials and Their Interaction Under Cyclic Loading 195
3.2 Concrete Members 196
3.2.1 The Mechanisms of Force Transfer in Concrete Members: Flexure, Shear and Bond 196
3.2.2 Flexural Behaviour at the Cross-Sectional Level 198
3.2.2.1 Physical Meaning and Importance of Curvature in Concrete Members 198
3.2.2.2 Moment-Curvature Relation up to Yielding Under Uniaxial Bending with Axial Force 199
3.2.2.3 Fixed-End Rotation Due to Bar Pull-Out from the Anchorage Zone Beyond the Section of Maximum Moment -- Value at Yielding 205
3.2.2.4 Ultimate Curvature of Sections with Rectangular Compression Zone Under Uniaxial Bending with Axial Force 206
3.2.2.5 Moment Resistance of Concrete Sections with Rectangular Compression Zone 216
3.2.2.6 Flexural Behaviour Until Failure Under Cyclic Loading 219
3.2.2.7 Failure of Members Under Cyclic Flexure 224
3.2.2.8 Effect of Axial Force on the Cyclic Flexural Behaviour 226
3.2.2.9 Fixed End-Rotation at Member Ultimate Curvature, Due to Bar Pull-Out from the Anchorage Zone Beyond the Section of Maximum Moment 229
3.2.2.10 Experimental Ultimate Curvatures and Comparison with Predictions for Various Confinement Models 231
3.2.2.11 Curvature Ductility Factor 234
3.2.3 Flexural Behaviour at the Member Level 235
3.2.3.1 Chord Rotations from Member Tests 235
3.2.3.2 Member Chord Rotation at Flexural Yielding of the End Section in Uniaxial Loading 237
3.2.3.3 Effective Stiffness of Members at Incipient Yielding: Importance and Estimation 240
3.2.3.4 Flexure-Controlled Ultimate Chord Rotation Under Uniaxial Loading: Calculation from Curvatures and the Plastic Hinge Length 243
3.2.3.5 Flexure-Controlled Ultimate Chord Rotation Under Uniaxial Loading: Empirical Calculation 248
3.2.3.6 Member Axial Deformations Due to the Flexural Response 251
3.2.3.7 Flexural Behaviour Under Cyclic Biaxial Loading 255
3.2.3.8 Flexural Yielding and Flexure-Controlled Ultimate Chord Rotation Under Cyclic Biaxial Loading 257
3.2.3.9 Members with Ribbed Longitudinal Bars Lap-Spliced in the Plastic Hinge Region 258
3.2.3.10 Effect of FRP Wrapping of the Plastic Hinge Region on Flexural Behaviour 262
3.2.3.11 Effect of Bonded Prestressing Tendons on the Cyclic Flexural Behaviour 268
3.2.4 Behaviour of Members Under Cyclic Shear 272
3.2.4.1 Introduction: Brittle vs. Ductile Shear Behaviour 272
3.2.4.2 Fundamental Models for Shear Resistance in Monotonic Loading 279
3.2.4.3 Models of Cyclic Resistance in Diagonal Tension After Flexural Yielding 286
3.2.4.4 Inclination of Compression Stress Field at Ductile Shear Failure Under Cyclic Loading 290
3.2.4.5 Degradation with Cyclic Loading of the Diagonal Compression Strength of Walls 291
3.2.5 Cyclic Behaviour of Squat Members, Controlled by Flexure-Shear Interaction 293
3.2.5.1 Introduction 293
3.2.5.2 Monotonic Lateral Force Resistance of Squat Members with Flexure-Shear Interaction 294
3.2.5.3 Under What Conditions Does Shear Reduce the Moment Resistance? 297
3.2.5.4 Degradation with Cyclic Loading of the Resistance of Squat Columns to Shear Compression Failure, After Flexural Yielding 299
3.2.5.5 Diagonal Reinforcement in Squat Columns or Deep Beams 300
3.3 Joints in Frames 302
3.3.1 Force Transfer Mechanisms in Concrete Joints: Bond and Shear 302
3.3.2 The Bond Mechanism of Force Transfer in Joints 304
3.3.3 Force Transfer Within Joints Through the Shear Mechanism 308
3.3.3.1 Shear Force Demand in Joints 308
3.3.3.2 Joint Shear Strength 311
4 Analysis and Modelling for Seismic Design or Assessment of Concrete Buildings 319
4.1 Scope of Analysis in Codified Seismic Design or Assessment 319
4.1.1 Analysis for the Purposes of Seismic Design 319
4.1.2 Analysis for Seismic Assessment and Retrofitting 322
4.2 The Seismic Action for the Analysis 324
4.2.1 Elastic Spectra 324
4.2.1.1 Elastic Response Spectra and Peak Ground Accelerations 324
4.2.1.2 Elastic Spectra of the Horizontal Components in Eurocode 8 326
4.2.1.3 Elastic Spectra of the Vertical Component 329
4.2.2 Design Spectrum for Forced-Based Design with Linear Analysis 330
4.3 Linear Static Analysis 331
4.3.1 Fundamentals and Conditions of Applicability 331
4.3.2 Fundamental Period and Base Shear 333
4.3.3 Pattern of Lateral Forces 335
4.4 Modal Response Spectrum Analysis 336
4.4.1 Modal Analysis and Its Results 336
4.4.2 Minimum Number of Modes 339
4.4.3 Combination of Modal Results 340
4.5 Linear Analysis for the Vertical Seismic Action Component 341
4.5.1 When is the Vertical Component Important and Should Be Taken Into Account? 341
4.5.2 Special Linear Static Analysis Approach for the Vertical Component 342
4.6 Nonlinear Analysis 344
4.6.1 Nonlinear Static (''Pushover'') Analysis 344
4.6.1.1 Introduction 344
4.6.1.2 Lateral Load Vector 344
4.6.1.3 Capacity Curve and Equivalent SDOF System 345
4.6.1.4 Definition of the Seismic Demand Through the ''Target Displacement'' 348
4.6.1.5 Torsional Effects 349
4.6.1.6 Higher Mode Effects 350
4.6.2 Nonlinear Dynamic (Response- or Time-History) Analysis 350
4.6.2.1 Scope of Application 350
4.6.2.2 The Seismic Input Motions 351
4.6.2.3 Damping 353
4.6.2.4 Numerical Integration of the Equation of Motion 354
4.6.3 Concluding Remarks on the Nonlinear Analysis Methods 356
4.7 Combination of the Maximum Effects of the Individual Seismic Action Components 357
4.7.1 The Two Options: The SRSS and the Linear Approximation 357
4.7.2 Combination of the Effects of the Seismic Action Components in Dimensioning for Vectorial Action Effects 359
4.7.2.1 The Linear Approximation with Linear Static Analysis 360
4.7.2.2 The Linear Approximation with Modal Response Spectrum Analysis 361
4.7.2.3 SRSS Rule with Modal Response Spectrum Analysis 362
4.7.2.4 SRSS Rule with Linear Static Analysis 364
4.7.2.5 Concluding Remarks 365
4.8 Analysis for Accidental Torsional Effects 366
4.8.1 Accidental Eccentricity 366
4.8.2 Estimation of the Effects of Accidental Eccentricity Through Linear Static Analysis 368
4.8.3 Combination of Accidental Eccentricity Effects Due to the Two Horizontal Components of the Seismic Action for Linear Analysis 369
4.8.4 Simplified Estimation of Accidental Eccentricity Effects in Eurocode 8 for Planwise Symmetric Lateral Stiffness and Mass 370
4.8.5 Accidental Eccentricity in Nonlinear Analysis 371
4.9 Modeling of Buildings for Linear Analysis 372
4.9.1 The Level of Discretisation 372
4.9.2 Effective Elastic Stiffness of Concrete Members 373
4.9.3 Modelling of Beams and Columns 374
4.9.4 Special Modelling Aspects for Walls 377
4.9.5 Modelling of Floor Diaphragms 379
4.9.5.1 Rigid Diaphragms 379
4.9.5.2 Flexible Diaphragms 380
4.9.6 A Special Case in Modelling: Concrete Staircases 382
4.9.7 2nd-Order (P- ) Effects 383
4.9.8 Modelling of Masonry Infills 385
4.9.9 Modelling of Foundation Elements and of Soil Compliance 389
4.9.9.1 Introduction 389
4.9.9.2 Elastic Support Conditions 390
4.9.9.3 Foundation Beams and Raft Foundations 391
4.9.9.4 Footings 394
4.9.9.5 Pile Foundations 396
4.9.9.6 Separating the Rigid-Body Motion from Seismic Analysis Results with Soil Compliance 397
4.10 Modelling of Buildings for Nonlinear Analysis 399
4.10.1 Nonlinear Models for Concrete Members 399
4.10.1.1 The Level of Discretisation 399
4.10.1.2 Fibre Models 401
4.10.1.3 Spread Inelasticity Models with Phenomenological M - Relations for Uniaxial Bending Without Axial-Flexural Coupling 407
4.10.1.4 ''Point-Hinge'' or ''Lumped Inelasticity'' Models 410
4.10.1.5 The Uniaxial M - or M - Curve for Monotonic or Primary Loading 415
4.10.1.6 Phenomenological Models for the Cyclic Uniaxial M - or M - Behaviour 417
4.10.1.7 Hysteretic Damping Ratio in Cyclic Uniaxial Models 421
4.10.1.8 Concluding Remarks on Concrete Member Models for 3D Analyses 423
4.10.2 Nonlinear Modelling of Masonry Infills 424
4.10.2.1 Modelling of the Cyclic Behaviour 424
4.10.2.2 Model Parameters 427
4.10.3 Modelling of Foundation Uplift 430
4.10.4 Special Provisions of Eurocode 8 for Nonlinear Analysis 432
4.10.5 Example Applications of Nonlinear Analysis in 3D and Comparison with Measured Dynamic Response 433
4.10.5.1 Computational Modelling for Seismic Response Analysis, Assessment and Retrofitting 433
4.10.5.2 Verification of Modelling, Analysis and Assessment on the Basis of Pseudo-Dynamic (PsD) Test Results 435
4.10.5.3 Seismic Assessment of Two Real Buildings on the Basis of Nonlinear Dynamic Analysis 439
4.11 Calculation of Displacement and Deformation Demands 446
4.11.1 Estimation of Inelastic Displacements and Deformations Through Linear Analysis 446
4.11.2 Evaluation of the Capability of Linear Analysis to Predict Inelastic Deformation Demands 449
4.12 Primary V Secondary Members for Earthquake Resistance 452
4.12.1 Definition and Role of ''Primary'' and ''Secondary Members'' 452
4.12.2 Constraints on the Designation of Members as ''Secondary'' 453
4.12.3 Special Design Requirements for ''Secondary Members'' in New Buildings 454
4.12.4 Guidance on the Use of the Facility of ''Secondary Members'' 455
4.12.4.1 Seismic Design of New Buildings 455
4.12.4.2 Seismic Assessment or Retrofitting 456
4.12.5 Modelling of ''Secondary Members'' in the Analysis 457
4.12.5.1 Modelling for the Design of New Buildings 457
4.12.5.2 Modelling for Seismic Assessment or Retrofitting 459
5 Detailing and Dimensioning of New Buildings in Eurocode 8 460
5.1 Introduction 460
5.1.1 ''Critical Regions'' in Ductile Elements 460
5.1.2 Geometry, Detailing and Special Dimensioning Rules in Eurocode 8: An Overview 461
5.2 Curvature Ductility Requirements According to Eurocode 8 461
5.3 Detailing Rules for Local Ductility of Concrete Members 473
5.3.1 Minimum Longitudinal Reinforcement Throughout a Beam 473
5.3.2 Maximum Longitudinal Reinforcement Ratio in ''Critical Regions'' of Beams 474
5.3.3 Confining Reinforcement in ''Critical Regions'' of Primary Columns and Ductile Walls 475
5.3.4 Boundary Elements at Section Edges in ''Critical Regions'' of Ductile Walls 481
5.4 Detailing and Dimensioning of Beam-Column Joints 482
5.4.1 Maximum Diameter of Longitudinal Beam Bars Crossing or Anchored at Beam-Column Joints 482
5.4.2 Verification of Beam-Column Joints in Shear 485
5.5 Special Dimensioning Rules for Shear 488
5.5.1 Dimensioning of Shear Reinforcement in ''Critical Regions'' of Beams or Columns 488
5.5.2 Inclined Reinforcement Against Sliding Shear in ''Critical Regions'' of DC H Beams 489
5.5.3 Shear Verification of Ductile Walls of DC H 490
5.6 Systems of Large Lightly Reinforced Walls in Eurocode 8 491
5.6.1 Definitions 491
5.6.2 Dimensioning of ''Large Lightly Reinforced Walls'' for the ULS in Bending and Axial Force 493
5.6.3 Dimensioning of ''Large Lightly Reinforced Walls'' for the ULS in Shear 494
5.6.4 Detailing of the Reinforcement in ''Large Lightly Reinforced Walls'' 497
5.7 Implementation of Detailed Design of a Building Structure 499
5.7.1 The Sequence of Operations in Detailed Design for Ductility 499
5.7.2 Detailed Design of Beam and Joints 500
5.7.2.1 Detailed Design of Beam Longitudinal Reinforcement 500
5.7.2.2 Redistribution of Beam Elastic Moments Around a Joint 503
5.7.2.3 Capacity Design of Beams and Joints in Shear 508
5.7.3 Detailed Design of Columns 508
5.7.3.1 Dimensioning of Column Vertical Reinforcement for Action Effects from the Analysis 508
5.7.3.2 Practical Dimensioning of Columns to Satisfy Eq. (1.4) 512
5.7.3.3 Moment Resistances in the Beam-Column Capacity Design Check, Eq. (1.4) 513
5.7.3.4 Capacity Design of Columns in Shear 515
5.7.3.5 Column Axial Force Values for Capacity Design Calculations 515
5.7.3.6 Design of Columns Against Adverse Local Effects of Non-Structural Infills 518
5.7.4 Detailed Design of Ductile Walls 521
5.7.4.1 Dimensioning of Wall Vertical Reinforcement 521
5.7.4.2 Dimensioning of DC H Walls in Shear 525
5.8 Application Examples 526
5.8.1 3-Storey Frame Building on Spread Footings 526
5.8.2 7-Storey Wall Building with Box Foundation and Flat Slab Frames Taken as Secondary Elements 572
6 Seismic Assessment and Retrofitting of Existing Concrete Buildings 613
6.1 Introduction 613
6.2 Seismic Vulnerability of Existing Concrete Buildings 616
6.2.1 System and Layout Aspects and Deficiencies 616
6.2.2 Common Deficiencies and Failure Modes of Concrete Members 617
6.3 The Predicament of Force-Based Seismic Assessment and Retrofitting 618
6.4 Seismic Performance Requirements and Criteria for Existing or Retrofitted Buildings 619
6.5 Performance- and Displacement-Based Seismic Assessment and Retrofitting in Eurocode 8 620
6.5.1 Introduction 620
6.5.2 Performance Requirements 621
6.5.3 Information on the As-Built Geometry, Materials and Reinforcement 622
6.5.4 Seismic Analysis and Models 626
6.5.4.1 Seismic Analysis Procedures and Applicability Conditions 626
6.5.4.2 Modelling Aspects 627
6.5.5 Estimation of Force Demands by Capacity Design In Lieu of Linear Analysis 630
6.5.5.1 Shear Forces in Beams or Columns 631
6.5.5.2 Shear Forces in Walls 632
6.5.5.3 Shear and Bond in Joints 633
6.5.5.4 Transfer of Seismic Action Effects to the Ground 634
6.5.6 Verification Criteria for Existing, Retrofitted, or New Members 636
6.5.6.1 Overview of the Criteria 636
6.5.6.2 The Demand Side of the Verification 637
6.5.6.3 The Supply or Capacity Side 638
6.5.7 Masonry Infills in Assessment and Retrofitting 642
6.5.8 Force-Based Assessment and Retrofitting (the '' q -factor Approach'') 643
6.6 Liability Questions in Seismic Assessment and Retrofitting 645
6.7 Retrofitting Strategies 646
6.7.1 General Guidelines 646
6.7.2 Reduction of Seismic Action Effects Through Retrofitting 648
6.7.3 Upgrading of Member Capacities 650
6.7.4 Completeness of the Load-Path 651
6.8 Retrofitting Techniques for Concrete Members 652
6.8.1 Repair of Damaged Members 652
6.8.1.1 Scope of Repair Techniques 652
6.8.1.2 Effectiveness of Repair for Strength, Stiffness and Deformation Capacity 654
6.8.2 Concrete Jacketing 655
6.8.2.1 Introduction: Advantages and Disadvantages of Concrete Jackets 655
6.8.2.2 Detailing, Technological and Construction Aspects 657
6.8.2.3 Strength, Stiffness and Deformation Capacity of Members with Concrete Jackets 661
6.8.2.4 Dimensioning and Verification of Jacketed Members According to Eurocode 8 666
6.8.3 Jackets of Externally Bonded Fibre Reinforced Polymers (FRP) 667
6.8.3.1 Scope of Seismic Retrofitting with FRPs 667
6.8.3.2 FRP Materials for Seismic Retrofitting 668
6.8.3.3 Field Application of FRPs 672
6.8.3.4 Material Partial Factor on the Tensile Strength of FRPs 673
6.8.3.5 Flexural Strength, Stiffness and Deformation Capacity of Members with FRP-Wrapping 674
6.8.3.6 Cyclic Shear Resistance of FRP-Wrapped Members 676
6.8.4 Steel Jacketing 679
6.8.4.1 Scope and Construction Aspects 679
6.8.4.2 Confinement by Steel Jackets 681
6.8.4.3 Shear Strengthening Through Steel Jackets -- Dimensioning According to Eurocode 8 682
6.8.4.4 Members with Short Lap Splices and Steel Jackets 683
6.8.4.5 Resistance and Deformations of Steel-Jacketed Members at Yielding and Ultimate 684
6.9 Stiffening and Strengthening of the Structure as a Whole 685
6.9.1 Introduction 685
6.9.2 Addition of New Concrete Walls 685
6.9.2.1 Construction of the New Walls and Connection to Existing Members 685
6.9.2.2 Foundation of New Walls and Impact of its Fixity on Wall Effectiveness 689
6.9.3 Addition of a New Bracing System in Steel 694
6.9.3.1 Introduction 694
6.9.3.2 Layout and Conceptual Design of Concentric Bracing Systems 695
6.9.3.3 Recommendations for the Design and Detailing of Braces 697
6.9.3.4 Seismic Analysis and Design of the Retrofitting 698
6.9.3.5 Construction Issues 700
6.10 Application Case Studies 701
6.10.1 Seismic Retrofitting of SPEAR Test-Structure with RC or FRP Jackets 702
6.10.2 Seismic Retrofitting of Theatre Building with RC and FRP Jackets and New Walls 704
Epilogue: Some Ideas for Performance- and Displacement-Based Seismic Design of New Buildings 712
References 719
Colour Plates 732
Index 749
| Erscheint lt. Verlag | 25.7.2009 |
|---|---|
| Reihe/Serie | Geotechnical, Geological and Earthquake Engineering | Geotechnical, Geological and Earthquake Engineering |
| Zusatzinfo | XXIV, 744 p. 130 illus. With 8 pages full color section. |
| Verlagsort | Dordrecht |
| Sprache | englisch |
| Themenwelt | Naturwissenschaften ► Physik / Astronomie |
| Technik ► Architektur | |
| Technik ► Bauwesen | |
| Schlagworte | Building • Building structures • Concrete • Design • Earthquake • Earthquake resistance • Earthquake-resistant buildings • Eurocode 8 • Foundation • reinforced concrete • Seismic • Seismic design • Seismic retrofitting |
| ISBN-10 | 1-4020-9842-1 / 1402098421 |
| ISBN-13 | 978-1-4020-9842-0 / 9781402098420 |
| Haben Sie eine Frage zum Produkt? |
PDF (Wasserzeichen)Größe: 28,0 MB
DRM: Digitales Wasserzeichen
Dieses eBook enthält ein digitales Wasserzeichen und ist damit für Sie personalisiert. Bei einer missbräuchlichen Weitergabe des eBooks an Dritte ist eine Rückverfolgung an die Quelle möglich.
Dateiformat: PDF (Portable Document Format)
Mit einem festen Seitenlayout eignet sich die PDF besonders für Fachbücher mit Spalten, Tabellen und Abbildungen. Eine PDF kann auf fast allen Geräten angezeigt werden, ist aber für kleine Displays (Smartphone, eReader) nur eingeschränkt geeignet.
Systemvoraussetzungen:
PC/Mac: Mit einem PC oder Mac können Sie dieses eBook lesen. Sie benötigen dafür einen PDF-Viewer - z.B. den Adobe Reader oder Adobe Digital Editions.
eReader: Dieses eBook kann mit (fast) allen eBook-Readern gelesen werden. Mit dem amazon-Kindle ist es aber nicht kompatibel.
Smartphone/Tablet: Egal ob Apple oder Android, dieses eBook können Sie lesen. Sie benötigen dafür einen PDF-Viewer - z.B. die kostenlose Adobe Digital Editions-App.
Zusätzliches Feature: Online Lesen
Dieses eBook können Sie zusätzlich zum Download auch online im Webbrowser lesen.
Buying eBooks from abroad
For tax law reasons we can sell eBooks just within Germany and Switzerland. Regrettably we cannot fulfill eBook-orders from other countries.
aus dem Bereich
