Biological Interactions on Materials Surfaces (eBook)

Rena Bizios received a B.S. (Cum Laude) degree in Chemical Engineering from the University of Massachusetts, a M.S. degree in Chemical Engineering from the California Institute of Technology, and a Ph.D. degree in Biomedical Engineering from the Massachusetts Institute of Technology. From 1981-2005, she was a member of the faculty in the Department of Biomedical Engineering at Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, NY. She is now a Peter T. Flawn Professor in the Department of Biomedical Engineering at the University of Texas at San Antonio (UTSA), San Antonio, TX. During her career, Dr. Bizios has taught various undergraduate and graduate fundamental engineering and biomedical engineering courses as well as developed new courses for biomedical engineering curricula. She has mentored many graduate students, post-doctoral fellows and junior faculty. Most of her former doctoral students are now pursuing academic careers at various universities in the United States. Her research interests include cellular and tissue engineering, tissue regeneration, biomaterials (including nanostructured ones) and biocompatibility. She has co-authored a textbook (entitled An Introduction to Tissue-Biomaterial Interactions) and authored/co-authored over 95 scientific publications and book chapters. She has given numerous presentations at scientific conferences and invited seminars/lectures in academic institutions and industry. She has also organized and/or co-chaired numerous symposia and sessions at national/international conferences. Dr. Bizios is a member of many professional societies. She has been an active participant (including elected officer positions) in the Society for Biomaterials, the Biomedical Engineering Society, and the American Institute of Chemical Engineers. She is a member of the editorial board of the Journal of Biomedical Materials Research. She has participated in various (and chaired some) NIH Study Sections, NSF Review Panels, and similar national-level review committees. She has also served on numerous departmental, School/College of Engineering and Institute/University committees at Rensselaer and now at UTSA. Dr. Bizios received the Outstanding Alumna in Engineering Award of the Society of Women Engineers, College of Engineering, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA (1985), the Rensselaer Alumni Association Teaching Award, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute (1997), and the Clemson Award for Contributions to the Scientific Literature of Biomaterials from the Society for Biomaterials (1998). She was Jubileums Professor at Chalmers University of Technology, Göteborg, Sweden (fall of 2002), Chercheur Associé (spring of 2003) and Directeur de Recherche Associé, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Faculté de Médicine Saint-Louis Lariboisiére, Université Paris VII, Paris, France (fall of 2005). She is Fellow of the American Institute for Medical and Biological Engineering (AIMBE), International Fellow of Biomaterials Science and Engineering of the International Union of Societies for Biomaterials Sciences and Engineering, and Fellow of the Society of Biomedical Engineering (BMES). David A. Puleo received B.S. and Ph.D. degrees in Biomedical Engineering from Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute. In 1991, he joined the University of Kentucky as a junior faculty member to establish a track in biomaterials in the Center for Biomedical Engineering. In addition to being promoted through the ranks to Professor, he served as Director of Graduate Studies and currently is Director of the Center, overseeing all administrative and educational matters. He also holds an appointment in the Center for Oral Health Research in the College of Dentistry. Dr. Puleo has developed and teaches courses ranging from introductory biomaterials to advanced offerings on events at the tissue-implant interface. He has taught undergraduates, graduates, orthopedic surgery residents, and post-graduate dental students. Dr. Puleo’s research interests focus on applying understanding of cell-biomaterial interactions to develop materials and surface modification strategies for the purpose of manipulating cellular responses at the tissue-implant interface. He is active in a variety of professional organizations, including the Society For Biomaterials, Biomedical Engineering Society, and the International and American Associations for Dental Research. He is an Assistant Editor for the Journal of Biomedical Materials Research Part B (Applied Biomaterials) and on the editorial board of Journal of Biomedical Materials Research Part A. He has served on and chaired numerous review panels centered on biomaterials and tissue engineering at NIH and NSF and has reviewed for several other domestic and foreign organizations. Dr. Puleo received a Research Initiation Award from the National Science Foundation, was awarded the Bourses de stage de recherche scientifique of the Programme québécois de bourses d'excellence administered through the Ministère de l'Éducation of the Gouvernement du Québec. He is also coauthor of Introduction to Tissue-Biomaterial Interactions, a textbook written specifically for undergraduates and first semester graduate students transitioning into the field of biomaterials

Preface 5
Acknowledgment 6
Contents 7
Short Biographical Sketches 16
Protein Adsorption to Biomaterials 18
Abbreviations 18
1.1. Introduction 19
1.2. Fundamentals of Protein Adsorption 19
1.3. Techniques for the Study of Protein Adsorption 28
1.4. Recent Advances in Protein Adsorption 32
1.5. Current Limitations and Potential Future Opportunities 34
References 34
Investigating Protein Adsorption via Spectroscopic Ellipsometry 36
Abbreviations and Symbols 36
2.1. Introduction 37
2.2. Ellipsometry 38
2.3. Optical Models Used to Interpret Ellipsometric Results 39
2.4. Instrument Considerations 41
2.5. Material Surface Preparation 43
2.6. Typical Protein Adsorption Experiment Followed by Ellipsometry 43
2.7. Ellipsometric Determination of the Adsorption of Proteins to Nanomaterials 45
2.8. Innovative Applications 50
2.9. Conclusions 51
Acknowledgments 52
References 52
Atomic Force Microscopy Methods for Characterizing Protein Interactions with Microphase- Separated Polyurethane Biomaterials 59
Abbreviations and Symbols 59
3.1. Introduction 60
3.2. Surface Microphase Separation Structures of PU Materials 63
3.3. Protein Interactions with Hydrophobic and Hydrophilic Surfaces 66
3.4. Recognition of Proteins on Material Surfaces by AFM 72
3.5. Measuring the Functional Activity of Adsorbed Fibrinogen 74
3.6. Measuring Protein Adsorption on PU Surfaces at the Molecular Scale 75
3.7. Summary 77
Acknowledgments 79
References 79
Molecular Simulation of Protein– Surface Interactions 84
Abbreviations and Symbols 84
4.1. Introduction 85
4.2. Fundamentals of Protein Structure and Protein– Surface Interactions 86
4.3. Molecular Simulation Methods 89
4.4. Future Directions 106
4.5. Concluding Remarks 106
Acknowledgments 107
References 107
Biomolecule–Nanomaterial Interactions: Effect on Biomolecule Structure, Function, and Stability 111
Abbreviations 111
5.1. Introduction 112
5.2. Structure and Function of Proteins on Carbon Nanotubes 113
5.3. Enhanced Protein Stability on Nanomaterials 116
5.4. Functional Materials 119
5.5. Conclusion and Future Directions 126
References 127
Phage Display as a Strategy for Designing Organic/ Inorganic Biomaterials 129
Abbreviations 129
6.1. Introduction: Biomaterials Development and the Need for More Robust Approaches to Control Protein, Cell, and Tissue Responses 130
6.2. Peptide–Biomaterial Interactions 132
6.3. Phage Display as a Selection Technique 133
6.4. Phage Display on Apatite-Based Mineral 137
6.5. Phage Display on Cells and the Role of Dual- Functioning Peptides 139
6.6. Advancing Phage Display in Biomaterials Research – Summary 141
Acknowledgments 141
References 141
Extracellular Matrix-Derived Ligands for Selective Integrin Binding to Control Cell Function 147
Abbreviations 147
7.1. Extracellular Matrix: Composition and Role 148
7.2. Cell–ECM Adhesive Interactions: Integrins as Pivotal Linkers 149
7.3. Engineering Biomaterial Surface Properties for Integrin Binding 152
7.4. Modulating Cellular Response to Biomaterial Surfaces Through ECM- Mimetic Surface Modification Strategies 154
7.5. Advanced ECM-Mimetic Surface Strategies: Multivalent, Clustered Integrin Ligands 163
7.6. Summary 165
References 165
Ligand-Functionalized Biomaterial Surfaces: Controlled Regulation of Signaling Pathways to Direct Stem Cell Differentiation 171
Abbreviations 171
8.1. Introduction 172
8.2. Notch Signaling Pathway 172
8.3. Other Signal Transduction Pathways 181
8.4. Conclusions 183
References 184
Growth Factors on Biomaterial Scaffolds 186
Abbreviations 186
9.1. Introduction 187
9.2. Mechanisms of Action of Growth Factors on Cells 187
9.3. Immobilized Growth Factors 189
9.4. Effects of Immobilized Growth Factors on Cell Function 194
9.5. Biomaterial Design Using Immobilized Growth Factors 200
9.6. Conclusions 205
References 205
Cell and Tissue Interactions with Materials: The Role of Growth Factors 211
Abbreviations 211
10.1. Introduction 212
10.2. Growth Factors in Vascular Network Formation and Repair 213
10.3. Growth Factors in Bone Development and Repair 218
10.4. Future Directions in Growth Factor Research 222
10.5. Applications of Growth Factors to Biomaterials 222
10.6. State of the Art Summary and Future Directions 229
References 230
In Vitro and In Vivo Monocyte, Macrophage, Foreign Body Giant Cell, and Lymphocyte Interactions with Biomaterials 237
Abbreviations 237
11.1. Introduction 238
11.2. Monocytes, Macrophages, and FBGCs 240
11.3. Paracrine Interactions Between Macrophages/FBGCs and Inflammatory/ Wound- Healing Cells 246
11.4. Conclusions and Perspectives 250
References 250
Development and Differentiation of Neural Stem and Progenitor Cells on Synthetic and Biologically Based Surfaces 257
Abbreviations 257
12.1. Introduction 258
12.2. Neural Stem and Progenitor Cells 259
12.3. Synthetic Material Surfaces 261
12.4. Biologically Derived Surfaces 265
12.5. Conclusion 271
Acknowledgments 272
References 272
Toward Osteogenic Differentiation of Marrow Stromal Cells and In Vitro Production of Mineralized Extracellular Matrix onto Natural Scaffolds 275
Abbreviations 275
13.1. Introduction 276
13.2. Scaffolds of Natural Origin – Polysaccharides 277
13.3. CaP Biomimetic Coatings 280
13.4. Osteogenic Differentiation of Marrow Stromal Cells and Mineralized ECM Production In Vitro 283
13.5. Summary 286
Acknowledgments 287
References 287
Biomimetic Nanophase Materials to Promote New Tissue Formation for Tissue- Engineering Applications 294
Abbreviations 294
14.1. Introduction 295
14.2. Fabrication of Biomimetic Scaffolds with Nanoscale Architecture 295
14.3. Surface Modification of Nanofibrous Scaffolds 299
14.4. Effects of the Nanoarchitecture of Scaffolds on Cell Function and New Tissue Formation 303
14.5. Conclusion 305
References 305
Photofunctionalization of Materials to Promote Protein and Cell Interactions for Tissue- Engineering Applications 308
Abbreviations 308
15.1. Introduction 309
15.2. Mechanisms of Photofunctionalization 309
15.3. Photoinitiators in Biomaterials and Tissue Engineering 312
15.4. Strategies to Fabricate Photofunctionalized Materials for Biomedical Applications 314
15.5. Photofunctionalized Materials to Promote Cell Interactions for Tissue- Engineering Applications 320
15.6. Conclusions 325
Acknowledgments 326
References 326
Hydrogel Nanocomposites in Biology and Medicine: Applications and Interactions 330
Abbreviations 330
16.1. Introduction 331
16.2. Hydrogel Nanocomposites for Drug-Delivery Applications 332
16.3. Hydrogel Nanocomposites for Tissue-Engineering Applications 338
16.4. Hydrogel Nanocomposites for Other Therapeutic Applications 345
16.5. Hydrogel Nanocomposites and Biological Interactions 348
16.6. Concluding Remarks 349
References 350
Protein and Cell Interactions with Nanophase Biomaterials 354
Abbreviations 354
17.1. Introduction 355
17.2. Protein Interactions with Nanophase Materials 355
17.3. Cell Interactions with Nanophase Materials 358
17.4. Concluding Remarks 362
References 363
Inflammatory Response to Implanted Nanostructured Materials 365
Abbreviations 365
18.1. Introduction 366
18.2. Fabrication Techniques 367
18.3. Immune Response to Implanted Nanostructured Materials 370
18.4. Concluding Remarks 378
References 379
Collagen I-Coated Titanium Surfaces for Bone Implantation 382
Abbreviations 382
19.1. Introduction 383
19.2. Literature Reports Regarding Collagen-Coated Ti Surfaces 384
19.3. Design of Collagen-Coated Biomaterial Surfaces 390
19.4. Conclusions 402
Acknowledgments 402
References 403
Prevention of Postsurgical Adhesions: A Biomaterials Perspective 406
Abbreviations 406
20.1. Introduction 407
20.2. Postsurgical Adhesion (PSA) Formation 407
20.3. Methods of PSA Prevention and Control 409
20.4. PSA Evaluation Methods 415
20.5. Conclusion 421
References 422
Index 426