Mycorrhizas - Functional Processes and Ecological Impact (eBook)

Preface 5
Contents 8
Contributors 10
Chapter 1 Soil Microbial Resources and Agricultural Policies 14
1.1 Introduction 14
1.2 The Current State of European Agriculture 16
1.3 The Current Farming Model and Its Consequences 17
1.4 Alternatives to the Current Agricultural Model 18
1.5 Eco-Efficient Agriculture 19
1.6 Current Ethical Challenges 21
1.7 The Agriculture of the Next Decade 25
1.8 AMF and Organic Farming 26
1.9 Conclusions 27
References 28
Chapter 2 Interspecies Altruism in Plant–Microbe Symbioses: Use of Group Selection Models to Resolve the Evolutionary Paradoxes 30
2.1 Introduction 30
2.2 Mutualism and Parasitism: Evolutionary Continuum or Discontinuity? 31
2.3 Legume–Rhizobia Symbioses: Mutualism and Antagonism Together 33
2.4 Symbiosis and Biological Altruism 36
2.5 Natural Selection for Interspecies Altruism 38
2.6 Conclusions 40
References 41
Chapter 3 Dissection of Genetic Cell Programmes Driving Early Arbuscular Mycorrhiza Interactions 45
3.1 Introduction 45
3.2 Signal Perception and Recognition Events Prior to Cell Contact 46
3.3 Symbiotic Partnership Through Early Morphological Integration 49
3.4 Intersymbiont Compatibility: Getting Around Host Defence Systems? 52
References 54
Chapter 4 Analysis of Mycorrhizal Functioning Using Transcriptomics 58
4.1 Introduction 58
4.2 From Identification of Single Genes to Transcriptomics 59
4.3 Establishment of the Experimental System 63
4.4 Construction and Analysis of a Subtractive cDNA Library 64
4.5 Expression of Copper-Binding Proteins 65
4.6 Concluding Remarks 67
References 68
Chapter 5 Protein Profiling Analyses in Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Symbiosis 72
5.1 Introduction 72
5.2 Proteomics in Mature Mycorrhiza 74
5.3 Proteomics at the Appressorium Stage 77
5.4 Fungal Proteomics 79
5.5 Conclusions and Future Perspectives 80
References 81
Chapter 6 Coordinated Nutrient Exchange in Arbuscular Mycorrhiza 84
6.1 Introduction 84
6.2 Creation of a New Compartment: The Symbiotic Interface 85
6.3 Phosphate Transport in Arbuscular Mycorrhiza 85
6.4 Nitrogen Transport 88
6.5 Carbon Partitioning in Arbuscular Mycorrhiza 90
6.6 Conclusions 93
References 94
Chapter 7 Deciphering the Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Pathway of P Uptake in Non-responsive Plant Species 99
7.1 Introduction 99
7.2 The Challenge of P Uptake from Soil and Symbiotic Interfaces 100
7.3 Diversity in Plant Responses to AM Colonisation 102
7.4 Radiotracer Studies Enable Measurement of AM Contribution Regardless of Whole Plant Responses 104
7.5 The Role of P i Transporters in P Uptake by an AM Plant 107
7.6 Conclusions 112
References 113
Chapter 8 Mechanisms Underlying Heavy Metal Tolerance in Arbuscular Mycorrhizas 117
8.1 Introduction 117
8.2 Mycorrhizas and Plant Metal Homeostasis 118
8.3 Mechanisms of Metal Homeostasis in AM Fungi 119
8.4 The Mycorrhizal Plant 125
8.5 Perspectives 125
References 128
Chapter 9 Priming Plant Defence Against Pathogens by Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi 133
9.1 Introduction 133
9.2 Mycorrhiza-Induced Resistance Against Pathogens 134
9.3 Effects of AM Symbioses on Phytophagous Insects 135
9.4 Mechanisms of Mycorrhiza Induced Resistance 135
9.5 Modulation of Plant Defence Responses in Mycorrhizal Plants 137
9.6 Priming of Defence Mechanisms in Mycorrhizal Plants 138
9.7 Signalling Pathways Involved in Mycorrhiza Priming of Defence 140
9.8 Conclusions 142
References 142
Chapter 10 Reconciliation of Conflicting Phenotypic and rRNA Gene Phylogenies of Fungi in Glomeromycota Based on Underlying Patterns and Processes 146
10.1 Introduction 147
10.2 Character Analysis 149
10.3 Trees and Their Interpretation 151
10.4 Congruence in the rDNA Phylogeny 158
10.5 Conclusions 159
References 160
Chapter 11 Spatial Ecology of Ectomycorrhizas: Analytical Strategies 164
11.1 Introduction 164
11.2 Spatial Ecology in Microbiology 165
11.3 Methodological Approaches and Recent Spatial Studies of ECM Fungi 166
11.4 Future Directions for ECM Community Research 170
11.5 Conclusions 171
References 172
Chapter 12 Spatial Heterogeneity in Mycorrhizal Populations and Communities: Scales and Mechanisms 175
12.1 Introduction 176
12.2 Defining Relevant Spatial Scales for Mycorrhizal Fungi 177
12.3 Spatial Ecology of Mycorrhizal Populations 178
12.4 Scaling Spatial Ecology of Mycorrhizal Communities 180
12.5 Knowledge Gaps and Future Directions 186
12.6 Conclusion 188
References 189
Chapter 13 Response Diversity of Ectomycorrhizas in Forest Succession Following Disturbance 194
13.1 Introduction 194
13.2 Disturbance and Management Regimes in Mixed Temperate Forests 197
13.3 Does the EMF Community Recover Following Standard Reforestation Practices? 199
13.4 Does Removal of Critical Legacies Shift the EMF Community? 203
13.5 Does Replacement of Legacies Restore the EMF Community? 204
13.6 Conclusions 206
References 207
Chapter 14 AMF Associated with Indigenous and Non-indigenous Plants at Urban and Desert Sites in Arizona 213
14.1 Introduction 213
14.2 Materials and Methods 216
14.3 Results 217
14.4 Discussion 222
References 224
Chapter 15 Desert Truffle Cultivation in Semiarid Mediterranean Areas 227
15.1 Introduction 227
15.2 Biodiversity, Geographical Distribution and Ecology of Desert Truffles 228
15.3 Biotechnological Aspects of Mycorrhizal Plant Production 231
15.4 Cultivation Management of the Desert Truffle Terfezia claveryi 236
References 238
Index 240