Biohydrogen (eBook)

Ayhan Demirbas is a full professor at Sila Science and Energy, Turkey. He was a professor in Energy Technologies Science at Karadeniz Technical University, Turkey, between 1991 and 2001, and at Selcuk University, Turkey, from 2003 to 2007. His research is mainly concerned with renewable and sustainable energy.

Preface 5
Contents 8
Chapter 1 Introduction 12
1.1 Introduction 12
1.2 Conventional Fossil Fuel Sources 16
1.3 Unconventional Fossil Fuel Sources 25
1.4 Renewable Energy Sources 29
1.5 Nuclear Fuel Sources 47
Summary 50
References 50
Chapter 2 Fuels from Biomass 54
2.1 Introduction 54
2.2 Biomass Feedstocks 56
2.3 The Chemistry of Biomass 60
2.4 Production of Fuels from Wood Sources 63
2.5 Production of Fuels from Crops 63
Summary 69
References 69
Chapter 3 Biofuels 71
3.1 Introduction 71
3.2 Bioethanol 74
3.3 Other Bioalcohols 75
3.4 Biorefinery 77
3.5 Biodiesel 81
3.6 Biogas 84
3.7 Landfill Gas 88
3.8 Fischer–Tropsch Liquids from Biorenewable Feedstocks 89
Summary 92
References 93
Chapter 4 Transportation Fuels 95
4.1 Introduction 95
4.2 Liquefied Petroleum Gas 99
4.3 Compressed Natural Gas 101
4.4 Hydrogen 103
4.5 Electricity 104
4.6 Solar 104
4.7 Biorenewable Liquid Fuels 104
Summary 113
References 114
Chapter 5 Hydrogen 115
5.1 Introduction 115
5.2 History 116
5.3 Properties of Hydrogen 117
5.4 Fuel Properties of Hydrogen 118
5.5 Hydrogen Production Processes 120
5.6 Storage of Hydrogen 144
5.7 Hydrogen Storage Materials 151
5.8 Hydrogen Fuel for Internal Combustion Engine 155
5.9 Liquefaction and Compression of Hydrogen 158
Summary 162
References 163
Chapter 6 Biohydrogen 172
6.1 Introduction 172
6.2 Definition 173
6.3 History 173
6.4 Hydrogen from Biorenewables via Biological Processes 175
6.5 Hydrogen from Biorenewables via Thermochemical Processes 185
Summary 223
References 223
Chapter 7 Fuel Cells 229
7.1 Introduction 229
7.2 Fundamentals of a Fuel Cell 232
7.3 Different Types of Fuel Cells 234
7.4 Catalysts Used in Fuel Cells 239
7.5 Use of Alternative Fuel in Fuel Cells 241
7.6 Hybrid Electric Vehicles and Supercapacitors 243
Summary 245
References 246
Chapter 8 The Hydrogen Economy 248
8.1 Introduction 248
8.2 Cost of Hydrogen 250
Summary 256
References 257
Chapter 9 Hydrogen Policy 259
9.1 Introduction 259
9.2 Political, Environmental, and Economical Impacts of Hydrogen 260
9.3 Global Biofuel Projections 263
Summary 266
References 266
Chapter 10 Environmental Impacts of Hydrogen 268
10.1 Introduction 268
10.2 Environmental Impacts of Hydrogen 270
Summary 273
References 274
Index 275