Arterial Chemoreceptors (eBook)

Preface 6
Contents 8
Contributors 16
The Discovery of Sensory Nature of the Carotid Bodies – Invited Article 25
1 Introduction 26
2 De Castro, 1926 27
3 De Castro, 1928 29
4 Heymans in the 1930’s and the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 33
5 The Scientific Path of Fernando De Castro Between 1929 and 1936 35
6 Corneille Heymans, Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine in 1938 37
7 Heymans and De Castro: A History of Mutual Admiration 40
References 40
Fifty Years of Progress in Carotid Body Physiology – Invited Article 43
1 Prolegomena 43
2 Organization of the Carotid Body 44
3 Testing Carotid Body Physiological Responses 44
4 Glomus Cell Responses to Chemical Stimuli 45
5 Chemical Transmission Between Glomus Cells and Chemosensory Nerve Endings 46
6 Chemoreflexes Originated from the Carotid Bodies 48
7 Concluding Remarks 49
References 51
Carotid Body: New Stimuli and New Preparations – Invited Article 53
1 Introduction 53
2 Co-Culture Preparations of Rat Carotid Body 54
3 Electrophysiological Experiments on Carotid Body Co-Cultures 57
4 Carotid Body Slice Preparation 58
5 The Carotid Body as a Glucosensor: Contributions from Slice and Co-Culture Preparations 60
6 Transgenic Mouse Models 61
References 61
Enzyme-Linked Acute Oxygen Sensing in Airway and Arterial Chemoreceptors – Invited Article 63
1 Introduction 63
2 NADPH Oxidase 64
3 Hemeoxygenase 67
4 AMP-Activated Kinase 68
5 Conclusions 69
References 70
Cysteine Residues in the C-terminal Tail of the Human BKCaa Subunit Are Important for Channel Sensitivity to Carbon Monoxide 72
1 Introduction 73
2 Materials and Methods 73
3 Results and Discussion 74
References 78
Modulation of O2 Sensitive K+ Channels by AMP-activated Protein Kinase 80
1 Introduction 80
2 Methods 81
3 Results 82
4 Discussion 84
References 86
Hydrogen Sulfide Inhibits Human BKCa Channels 87
1 Introduction 88
2 Materials and Methods 88
3 Results and Discussion 90
References 93
DPPX Modifies TEA Sensitivity of the Kv4 Channels in Rabbit Carotid Body Chemoreceptor Cells 95
1 Introduction 95
2 Methods 96
3 Results 98
4 Discussion 102
References 103
Sustained Hypoxia Enhances TASK-like Current Inhibition by Acute Hypoxia in Rat Carotid Body Type-I Cells 105
1 Introduction 105
2 Methods 106
3 Results 107
4 Discussion 108
5 Conclusion 109
References 109
Inhibition of L-Type Ca2+ Channels by Carbon Monoxide 111
1 Introduction 111
2 Methods 112
3 Results 113
4 Discussion 115
References 116
Effects of the Polyamine Spermine on Arterial Chemoreception 118
1 Introduction 119
2 Methods 119
3 Results and Discussion 121
References 124
RT-PCR and Pharmacological Analysis of L-and T-Type Calcium Channels in Rat Carotid Body 126
1 Introduction 127
2 Methods 127
3 Results 129
4 Discussion 130
References 133
Functional Characterization of Phosphodiesterases 4 in the Rat Carotid Body: Effect of Oxygen Concentrations 134
1 Introduction 134
2 Methods 135
3 Results 136
4 Discussion 137
References 140
Calcium Sensitivity for Hypoxia in PGNs with PC-12 Cells in Co-Culture 141
1 Introduction 141
2 Methods 142
3 Results and Discussion 142
References 144
Modification of Relative Gene Expression Ratio Obtained from Real Time qPCR with Whole Carotid Body by Using Mathematical Equations 145
1 Introduction 146
2 Methods 146
3 Results 148
4 Discussion 153
References 155
Neurotransmitters in Carotid Body Function: The Case of Dopamine – Invited Article 156
1 Introduction 156
2 Dopamine Actions in the Carotid Body Afferent Activity 157
3 Dopamine Actions in the Petrosal Ganglion 158
4 Conclusion 160
References 160
Adenosine in Peripheral Chemoreception: New Insights into a Historically Overlooked Molecule – Invited Article 163
1 Historical Aspects 163
2 Biochemical Characteristics of Adenosine and Adenosine Functions 164
3 Adenosine and Hypoxia 166
4 Adenosine and Carotid Body 167
5 Summary 172
References 173
The A2B-D2 Receptor Interaction that Controls Carotid Body Catecholamines Release Locates Between the Last Two Steps of Hypoxic Transduction Cascade 178
1 Introduction 179
2 Methods 179
3 Results 180
4 Discussion 183
References 184
Benzodiazepines and GABA-GABAA Receptor System in the Cat Carotid Body 186
1 Introduction 186
2 Methods 187
3 Result 189
4 Discussion 190
References 192
Evidence for Histamine as a New Modulator of Carotid Body Chemoreception 193
1 Introduction 194
2 Methods 194
3 Results 196
4 Discussion 198
References 199
Fluoresceinated Peanut Agglutinin (PNA) is a Marker for Live O2 Sensing Glomus Cells in Rat Carotid Body 201
1 Introduction 202
2 Methods 203
3 Results 203
4 Discussion 205
References 206
Neuroglobin in Aging Carotid Bodies 207
1 Introduction 207
2 Methods 208
3 Results 209
4 Discussion 210
References 210
Oxygen Sensing and the Activation of the Hypoxia Inducible Factor 1 (HIF-1) – Invited Article 212
1 Introduction 212
2 Hypoxia-Inducible Factor-1 (HIF-1) 213
3 Hypoxia-Induced Nuclear Accumulation of HIF-1 213
4 O2 Sensors that Control HIF-1 Abundance and Activity 215
5 Localization and Abundance of Prolyl Hydroxylases (PHDS) 216
6 Assembly of the HIF Complex 217
7 Outlook 219
References 220
Upregulation of Erythropoietin and its Receptor Expression in the Rat Carotid Body During Chronic and Intermittent Hypoxia 222
1 Introduction 223
2 Methods 223
3 Results 225
4 Discussion 227
References 228
Iron Chelation and the Ventilatory Response to Hypoxia 230
1 Introduction 230
2 Methods 231
3 Results 232
4 Discussion 234
References 236
Systemic Effects Resulting from Carotid Body Stimulation – Invited Article 237
1 Introduction 238
2 Natural Stimuli of the Carotid Body 239
3 Cardiorespiratory Integration 241
4 Role of the Carotid Body in Cardiorespiratory-Related Pathologies 244
5 Concluding Remarks 245
References 246
Bicarbonate-Regulated Soluble Adenylyl Cyclase (sAC) mRNA Expression and Activity in Peripheral Chemoreceptors 248
1 Introduction 248
2 Methods 249
3 Results 250
4 Discussion 252
References 253
Developmental Maturation of Chemosensitivity to Hypoxia of Peripheral Arterial Chemoreceptors – Invited Article 255
1 Introduction 255
2 Developmental Changes and Environmental Perturbations to the Properties of the Glomus Cell 256
3 Developmental Changes in Afferent Nerve Activity and Environmental Modifications to Afferent Nerve Function 259
4 Developmental Changes in Carotid Body Systems of Neurotransmitters/ Neuromodulators 261
5 Conclusion 264
References 265
Physiological Carotid Body Denervation During Aging 268
1 Introduction 268
2 Methods 269
3 Results 270
4 Discussion 272
References 273
Does Ageing Modify Ventilatory Responses to Dopamine in Anaesthetised Rats Breathing Spontaneously? 275
1 Introduction 276
2 Methods 276
3 Results 278
4 Discussion 279
References 280
The Role of the Carotid Bodies in the Counter-Regulatory Response to Hypoglycemia 282
1 Introduction 283
2 Methods 283
3 Results 284
4 Discussion 285
References 288
The Respiratory Responses to the Combined Activation of the Muscle Metaboreflex and the Ventilatory Chemoreflex 290
1 Introduction 291
2 Methods 291
3 Results 293
4 Discussion 294
References 295
Cardiovascular Responses to Hyperoxic Withdrawal of Arterial Chemosensory Drive 297
1 Introduction 297
2 Methods 298
3 Results 299
4 Discussion 302
References 304
Time-Dependence of Hyperoxia-Induced Impairment in Peripheral Chemoreceptor Activity and Glomus Cell Calcium Response 306
1 Introduction 306
2 Methods 308
3 Results 310
4 Discussion 311
References 313
Long-Term Regulation of Carotid Body Function: Acclimatization and Adaptation – Invited Article 314
1 Introduction 315
2 Effects of Continuous Hypoxia on Carotid Body 315
3 Molecular Mechanisms Underlying the Effects of Continuous Hypoxia on the Carotid Body 318
4 Intermittent Hypoxia and Carotid Body Function 318
References 322
Effects of Intermittent Hypoxia on Blood Gases Plasma Catecholamine and Blood Pressure 325
1 Introduction 326
2 Material and Methods 328
3 Results 330
4 Discussion 331
References 332
Cardioventilatory Acclimatization Induced by Chronic Intermittent Hypoxia 335
1 Introduction 336
2 Methods 336
3 Results 338
4 Discussion 339
References 340
Ventilatory Drive Is Enhanced in Male and Female Rats Following Chronic Intermittent Hypoxia 342
1 Introduction 343
2 Methods 343
3 Results 345
4 Discussion 346
References 348
Contrasting Effects of Intermittent and Continuous Hypoxia on Low O2 Evoked Catecholamine Secretion from Neonatal Rat Chromaffin Cells 350
1 Introduction 350
2 Materials and Methods 351
3 Results 352
4 Discussion 353
References 354
Hypoxic Pulmonary Vasoconstriction – Invited Article 355
1 Introduction 356
2 Characteristics of HPV 356
3 The Mitochondrial O2 Sensor 358
4 Conclusion 362
References 362
Impact of Modulators of Mitochondrial ATP-Sensitive Potassium Channel (mitoKATP) on Hypoxic Pulmonary Vasoconstriction 365
1 Introduction 366
2 Methods 366
3 Results 367
4 Discussion 370
References 372
Oxygen Sensing in the Brain – Invited Article 373
1 Background 373
2 Sites of Central O2-Chemosensitivity 374
3 Mechanisms of Central O2-Chemosensitivity 375
4 Sensitivity to Chronic Hypoxia: O2-Sensitive Gene Expression in the Brain 376
5 Lessons from Central CO2-Sensing in the Brain 378
References 379
The Central Respiratory Chemoreceptor: Where Is It Located? – Invited Article 381
1 Introduction 382
2 Lesioning of Brainstem 382
3 Neuron Recording 384
4 HistologicalMapping 386
5 Local Acidic Stimulation 387
6 Summary 387
References 388
Anatomical Architecture and Responses to Acidosis of a Novel Respiratory Neuron Group in the High Cervical Spinal Cord (HCRG) of the Neonatal Rat 390
1 Introduction 391
2 Methods 391
3 Results 393
4 Discussion 395
References 396
Systemic Inhibition of the Na+/H+ Exchanger Type 3 in Intact Rats Activates Brainstem Respiratory Regions 398
1 Introduction 398
2 Methods 399
3 Results 400
4 Discussion 400
References 403
Nitric Oxide in the Solitary Tract Nucleus (STn) Modulates Glucose Homeostasis and FOS-ir Expression After Carotid Chemoreceptor Stimulation 405
1 Introduction 405
2 Methods 406
3 Results 408
4 Discussion 409
References 411
Airway Receptors and Their Reflex Function – Invited Article 413
1 Introduction 413
2 Classification 414
3 Morphology 415
4 Structure Function Relationships 418
5 Reflex Function 419
6 Concluding Remarks 420
References 421
Airway Chemosensitive Receptors in Vagus Nerve Perform Neuro-Immune Interaction for Lung-Brain Communication 423
1 Introduction 423
2 Methods 424
3 Results 425
4 Discussion 426
References 427
The Role of NOX2 and “Novel Oxidases” in Airway Chemoreceptor O2 Sensing 429
1 Introduction 430
2 Methods 430
3 Results 435
4 Discussion 438
References 439
Recruitment of GABAA Receptors in Chemoreceptor Pulmonary Neuroepithelial Bodies by Prenatal Nicotine Exposure in Monkey Lung 441
1 Introduction 441
2 Methods 442
3 Results 443
4 Discussion 446
References 446
Concluding Remarks 448
Index 452