Particle Detection with Drift Chambers (eBook)

Preface to the First Edition 6
Preface to the Second Edition 8
References 9
Contents 10
Gas Ionization by Charged Particles and by Laser Rays 17
1.1 Gas Ionization by Fast Charged Particles 17
1.2 Calculation of Energy Loss 25
1.3 Gas Ionization by Laser Rays 54
References 62
The Drift of Electrons and Ions in Gases 65
2.1 An Equation of Motion with Friction 65
2.2 The Microscopic Picture 69
2.3 Results from the Complete Microscopic Theory 95
2.4 Applications 99
References 110
Electrostatics of Tubes, Wire Grids and Field Cages 113
3.1 Perfect and Imperfect Drift Tubes 114
3.2 Wire Grids 121
3.3 An Ion Gate in the Drift Space 128
3.4 Field Cages 134
References 140
Amplification of Ionization 141
4.1 The ProportionalWire 141
4.2 Beyond the Proportional Mode 144
4.3 Lateral Extent of the Avalanche 146
4.4 Amplification Factor (Gain) of the ProportionalWire 148
4.5 Local Variations of the Gain 154
4.6 Statistical Fluctuation of the Gain 161
References 170
Creation of the Signal 172
5.1 The Principle of Signal Induction by Moving Charges 172
5.2 Capacitance Matrix, Reciprocity Theorem 173
5.3 Signals Induced on Grounded Electrodes, RamoÌs Theorem 175
5.4 Total Induced Charge and Sum of Induced Signals 176
5.5 Induced Signals in a Drift Tube 178
5.6 Signals Induced on Electrodes Connected with Impedance Elements 180
5.7 Signals Induced in Multiwire Chambers 187
References 194
Electronics for Drift Chambers 196
6.1 Linear Signal Processing 198
6.2 Signal Shaping 209
6.3 Noise and Optimum Filters 228
6.4 Electronics for Charge Measurement 249
6.5 Electronics for Time Measurement 250
6.6 Three Examples of Modern Drift Chamber Electronics 261
References 263
Coordinate Measurement and Fundamental Limits of Accuracy 265
7.1 Methods of Coordinate Measurement 265
7.2 Basic Formulae for a SingleWire 267
7.3 Accuracy in the Measurement of the Coordinate in or near theWire Direction 275
7.4 Accuracy in the Measurement of the Coordinate in the Drift Direction 284
7.5 Accuracy Limitation Owing to Wire Vibrations 291
7.6 Accuracy Limitation Owing to Space Charge Fluctuations 295
Appendix to Chapter 7. Influence of Cluster Fluctuations on the Measurement Accuracy of a Single Wire 296
References 302
Geometrical Track Parameters and Their Errors 304
8.1 Linear Fit 305
8.2 Quadratic Fit 307
8.3 A Chamber and One Additional Measuring Point Outside 315
8.4 Limitations Due to Multiple Scattering 319
8.5 Spectrometer Resolution 324
References 326
Ion Gates 327
9.1 Reasons for the Use of Ion Gates 327
9.2 Survey of Field Configurations and Trigger Modes 330
9.3 Transparency under Various Operating Conditions 332
References 341
Particle Identification by Measurement of Ionization 342
10.1 Principles 342
10.2 Shape of the Ionization Curve 345
10.3 Statistical Treatment of the n Ionization Samplesof One Track 348
10.4 Accuracy of the Ionization Measurement 350
10.5 Particle Separation 355
10.6 Cluster Counting 356
10.7 Ionization Measurement in Practice 358
10.8 Performance Achieved in Existing Detectors 360
References 369
Existing Drift Chambers - An Overview 371
11.1 Definition of Three Geometrical Types of Drift Chambers 371
11.2 Historical Drift Chambers 372
11.3 Drift Chambers for Fixed-Target and Collider Experiments 375
11.4 Planar Drift Chambers of Type 1 378
11.5 Large Cylindrical Drift Chambers of Type 2 387
11.6 Small Cylindrical Drift Chambers of Type 2 for Colliders ( Vertex Chambers) 400
11.7 Drift Chambers of Type 3 407
11.8 Chambers with Extreme Accuracy 417
References 419
Drift-Chamber Gases 423
12.1 General Considerations Concerning the Choice of Drift- Chamber Gases 423
12.2 Inflammable Gas Mixtures 426
12.3 Gas Purity, and Some Practical Measurements of Electron Attachment 430
12.4 Chemical Compounds Used for Laser Ionization 434
12.5 Choice of the Gas Pressure 436
12.6 Deterioration of Chamber Performance with Usage (Ageing) 439
References 449
Index 452