The Evolution of the Law and Politics of Water (eBook)

Contents 5
Contributors 8
List of Abbreviations 14
List of Tables 15
List of Figures 16
Introduction 17
The Evolution of Global Water Law 18
1.1 Introduction 18
1.2 The Current Global Water Governance Regime 20
1.3 The Evolution of Water Law 24
1.4 An Overview of the Book 28
1.5 Conclusion 31
References 31
Cases 33
Other Government Materials 33
Mesopotamia: A History of Water and Law 35
2.1 Introduction 35
2.2 The History of Mesopotamian Water Development 40
2.3 Mesopotamian Law: An Introduction 41
2.4 Mesopotamian Water Laws 43
2.5 Was Water Law Part of Mesopotamian Customary Law? 47
2.6 Conclusion 49
References 49
Islamic Law and the Politics of Water 51
3.1 Introduction: Water, Society and Law 51
3.2 The Islamic Law of Water Resources 52
3.3 Sharia and Water in the Modern Era: Jurisprudence and Political Reform 59
3.4 Conclusions: Law and the Hydro-Political Dimension 64
References 65
Water in the Jewish Legal Tradition 67
4.1 Introduction 68
4.2 Jewish Law 68
4.3 Jewish Water Law 71
4.4 Water Quality and Protection 76
4.5 Conclusion 79
References 80
Evolving National Law and Politics 81
Brazil: The Evolution of the Law and Politics of Water 82
5.1 Introduction 82
5.2 The Background of Brazilian Water Law 83
5.3 Democracy, Decentralization, Sustainability 87
5.4 Challenges in Balancing Economic and Ecological Values 92
5.5 Conclusions 96
References 97
Legal Materials 99
South Africa: The Development of Water Law 100
6.1 Introduction 100
6.2 South African Water Law (1652–1910) 101
6.3 Union Legislation 102
6.4 The Water Act 54 of 1956 103
6.5 The Need for a New Water Law with the End of Apartheid 104
6.6 The National Water Act 36 of 1998 106
6.7 The Water Services Act 108 of 1997 108
6.8 The National Water Resources Strategy 109
6.9 Key Implementation Challenges 111
6.10 Conclusion 115
References 115
Cases 116
Other Government Materials 116
East African Water Regimes: The Case of Kenya 118
7.1 Introduction: Is There an East African Water Regime? 118
7.2 Early Water Regimes 119
7.3 The Evolution of Water Institutions in Kenya ( 1895– 2008) 122
7.4 Continuity and Change: Some Conclusions 129
References 131
Other Government Materials 132
Israel: The Evolution of Water Law and Policy 134
8.1 The Legal Inheritance 134
8.2 The Modern Legislative Framework 137
8.3 Conclusion 148
References 149
Cases 149
Other Government Materials 150
Russia: Historical Dimensions of Water Management 151
9.1 Introduction 151
9.2 Water Law in Pre-Soviet Russia 152
9.3 Water Management During the Soviet Period 153
9.4 The Post-Soviet Period: The 1995 Water Code 158
9.5 The Post-Soviet Period: The Water Code of 2006 161
9.6 Conclusion 165
References 167
Other Government Materials 167
India: Evolution of Water Law and Policy 168
10.1 Introduction: Historic Evolution 168
10.2 The Pre-colonial History of Water Law 169
10.3 Post-colonial Water Law and Policies 173
10.4 Recent and Ongoing Water Law and Policy Reforms 178
10.5 Conclusions 181
References 182
Cases 183
Other Government Materials 183
Australia: The Problem of Sustainability in Water 185
11.1 Introduction 185
11.2 Aboriginal Practices 186
11.3 Paradigm 1: The Common Law Rules (1788–1901) 186
11.4 Paradigm 2: Fiscal Federalism (1901–1983) 187
11.5 Paradigm 3: Multi-state Cooperation (1984–1994) 188
11.6 Paradigm 4: Environmentally Sustainable Development ( 1994– 2007) 190
11.7 Paradigm 5: Justiciable Protocols 195
11.8 Summary and Conclusions 195
References 196
Cases 198
Other Government Materials 198
United States: The Allocation of Surface Waters 199
12.1 Introduction 199
12.2 Riparian Rights in the United States 202
12.3 Appropriative Rights and Dual Systems 205
12.4 Regulated Riparianism 208
12.5 Markets? 211
12.6 Conclusions 211
References 212
Cases 214
Other Government Materials 214
United States: The Emergence of Environmental Considerations 215
13.1 Introduction 215
13.2 Colonial America and the Public Trust Doctrine 216
13.3 The Gilded Age of Industrialization 216
13.4 The Progressive Era 218
13.5 New Deal Water Policy 220
13.6 The Modern Environmental Era 221
13.7 Looking Forward 229
13.8 Conclusion 229
References 230
Cases 232
Other Government Materials 233
Evolving Supranational and Regional Water Law and Politics 234
European Community Water Policy 235
14.1 Introduction 235
14.2 Policy on the Move 237
14.3 A Closer Look at the Legislative Change 240
14.4 Changes in Implementation 246
14.5 Final Remarks 249
References 250
Cases 251
Other Materials 251
Southern Africa: Evolving Regional Water Law and Politics 253
15.1 Introduction 253
15.2 From Customary Law to Colonial Treaties 255
15.3 The Post-Colonial Period 257
15.4 Conclusion 265
References 267
Cases 269
Other Government Materials 269
The Jordan Basin: Evolution of the Rules 270
16.1 Introduction 270
16.2 Political Boundaries and Water Boundaries 271
16.3 The Johnston Plan 274
16.4 Implemented Projects 275
16.5 The Legal Basis for Arrangements on Water 277
16.6 Legal Issues 279
16.7 The Laws of Occupation 283
16.8 Shared Aquifers 284
16.9 No Veto Power 284
16.10 Conclusions 284
References 285
Legal Case 287
Other Government Materials 287
The North American Great Lakes 288
17.1 Introduction 288
17.2 The Boundary Waters Treaty of 1909 289
17.3 Interstate Water Management 290
17.4 The Chicago Diversion Litigation 292
17.5 The Great Lakes Basin Compact 294
17.6 The Great Lakes Water Quality Agreement 295
17.7 The Great Lakes Charter of 1985 296
17.8 The Water Resources Development Act ( WRDA) of 1986 297
17.9 Annex 2001 298
17.10 The Great Lakes–St. Lawrence River Basin Sustainable Water Resources Agreement and the Great Lakes– St. Lawrence River Basin Water Resources Compact 299
17.11 Conclusion 303
References 303
Cases 304
Other Government Materials 304
The Río de la Plata Basin 305
18.1 Introduction 305
18.2 Water Law in South America Before the Nineteenth Century 306
18.3 Independent Argentina 309
18.4 Uruguay 311
18.5 Shared Waters, Shared Laws 313
18.6 The Pulp Mills Case 317
18.7 Conclusions 318
References 320
Legal Case 320
Other Government Materials 320
Current Trends in International Water Law 322
Case Law on International Watercourses 323
19.1 From Negotiation to Adjudication in Dispute Settlement 323
19.2 Decisions Shaping International Watercourses Law 324
19.3 Water Management 330
19.4 Navigation 333
19.5 Final Remarks 337
References 338
Cases 339
Other Government Materials 339
International Cooperation on Water Resources 340
20.1 Introduction 340
20.2 Cooperation in General 341
20.3 Cooperation on International Water Resources 342
20.4 Forms and Levels of Cooperation 343
20.5 The Diversity of Institutional Arrangements 349
20.6 The Role of International Organizations 350
20.7 Implementation 351
20.8 Conclusions 352
References 353
Cases 355
Other Government Materials 355
Public Participation in Water Governance 356
21.1 Introduction 356
21.2 Evolution of Public Participation Relative to Water 357
21.3 Participation in Domestic Water Management 364
21.4 Conclusion 368
References 370
Legal Materials 373
The Market Alternative 375
22.1 Introduction 375
22.2 The Rise of the Market Advocates 377
22.3 Applying Market Principles to Water Resources 378
22.4 Conclusions 384
References 385
Cases 390
Other Government Materials 390
Conclusions 391
The Challenges for the Twenty-First Century: A Critical Approach 392
23.1 Introduction 392
23.2 The Evolution of Water Law and Policy 393
23.3 Current Global Trends 397
23.4 Addressing the Challenges for the Twenty- First Century 406
23.5 A Few Final Words 409
References 409
Index 412