Apoptosis in Carcinogenesis and Chemotherapy (eBook)

Foreword 5
Preface 6
Contents 7
Contributors 9
Abbreviations 12
Apoptotic Signaling Pathway and Resistance to Apoptosis in Breast Cancer Stem Cells 20
Introduction 20
Apoptotic Signal Pathway 22
Mechanisms of Resistance to Apoptosis 24
Cancer Stem Cells 30
References 35
Anti-Cancer Strategy of Transitional Cell Carcinoma of Bladder Based on Induction of Different Types of Programmed Cell Deaths 43
Introduction 43
Different Types of Programmed Cell Deaths 45
Autophagy 46
Necrosis 47
The Relationship Between Apoptosis, Autophagy and Necrosis 48
Signaling Pathways to Death 48
Caspase-3 49
Bcl-2 49
Survivin 49
EGCG [(-) epigallocatechin-3-gallate] 50
Curcumin 50
Silibinin 51
Vitamins 51
Epigenetic Modifiers 52
Arsenic Compound 53
Bacillus Calmette-Guerin (BCG) 54
Beclin-1/ATG6 54
LC3/ATG8 55
mTOR 55
Calpains 56
Poly-ADP Ribose Polymerase (PARP) 57
Therapeutic Strategies Based on Different Programmed Cell Deaths 57
Conclusions 60
References 60
Apoptosis in Carcinogenesis and Chemoherapy of the Uterine Cervix 69
Introduction 69
Cervical Cancer Carcinogenesis and Apoptosis 70
Cervical Cancer Therapy and Apoptosis 75
Concluding Remarks 85
References 85
Apoptosis in Colorectal Tumorigenesis and Chemotherapy 92
Introduction 92
Colorectal Tumorigenesis 96
Apoptosis in Colorectal Tumorigenesis 101
Factors Effecting Apoptosis in Colorectal Cancer 107
Apoptosis and Colorectal Cancer Chemotherapy 110
References 115
Apoptosis in Cutaneous Melanoma 127
Introduction 128
Mechanisms of Apoptosis in Melanoma 129
Bcl-2 130
p53 130
Apaf-1 131
Inhibitors of Apoptosis (IAP) 134
Conclusion 136
References 137
Apoptosis in Carcinogenesis and Chemotherapy – Esophageal Cancer 142
Introduction 142
Apoptosis and Esophageal Squamous Cell Carcinoma 145
Apoptosis and Esophageal Adenocarcinoma 156
References 163
Molecular Targets in Gastric Cancer and Apoptosis 172
Introduction 172
Epidemiology 173
Pathological Classification 174
Conventional Treatment Options 175
Molecular Aspects of Gastric Cancer 178
Apoptotic Pathways in Gastric Cancer 188
Apoptosis-Targeting in Gastric Cancer 192
Cancer Stem Cells, MicroRNAs and Potential Cancer Therapeutics 195
Conclusions 196
References 197
Apoptosis and the Tumor Microenvironment in Hematologic Malignancies 208
Introduction 208
The Role of the Tumor Microenvironment in Hematologic Tumorigenesis and Tumor Cell Survival 210
The Role of the Tumor Microenvironment in Drug Resistance 215
Overcoming Drug Resistance in Hematologic Malignancies 222
Conclusions 226
References 226
Bcl-2 Family Members in Hepatocellular Carcinoma ( HCC) – Mechanisms and Therapeutic Potentials 234
Introduction 234
Physiological Role of Bcl-2 Family Members in Liver 235
Bcl-2 Family Members and Hepatocarcinogenesis 238
Bcl-2 Family Members in HCC Treatment 241
Conclusions 244
References 244
Apoptosis in the Development and Treatment of Laryngeal Cancer: Role of p53, Bcl- 2 and Clusterin 251
Introduction 251
Role of p53 and bcl-2 in Layngeal Intraepithelial Neoplasia 254
P53 and Laryngeal Cancer 255
Bcl-2 and Laryngeal Cancer 256
Clusterin and Laryngeal Cancer 258
Conclusions 259
References 259
Cyclooxygenase 2 and its Metabolites: Implications for Lung Cancer Therapy 264
Introduction 264
Apoptosis in Lung Cancer 266
COX-2 in Lung Cancer 269
Prostaglandins and its Enzymes/Inhibitors 272
Prostaglandins in Lung cancer 274
COX-2 Inhibitors and Chemotherapy 276
Conclusions 278
References 278
Roles of Negative and Positive Growth Regulators in Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma 286
Introduction 286
Negative Growth Regulators of NPC 287
Positive Growth Regulators of NPC 294
Conclusion 299
References 300
Cellular Signaling Mechanisms in Pancreatic Apoptosis 308
Introduction 308
Apoptosis 309
Position for Figure 310
Signaling Pathways in Pancreatic Apoptosis 310
Death Receptor Mediated Signaling Pathways 311
Apoptotic Factors in Pancreatic Cancer 312
Mitochondrial Signaling Pathways in Pancreatic Apoptosis 313
Biomarkers of Apoptosis 314
Apoptosis Mediated by Caspase Inhibitors 315
Apoptosis Mediated by the IAP Family 316
Apoptosis Mediated by G-Protein Coupled Mechanisms 317
Apoptosis Mediated by Inositol Polyphosphates 318
Changes in Cellular Levels of Inositol Polyphosphates During Apoptosis 319
Treatment Agents That Induce Apoptosis in Pancreatic Cells 320
Position for Table 323
Diagnostic Markers for Pancreatic Cancer 323
Therapeutic Approaches to Identify Diagnostic Biomarkers for Pancreatic Cancer 324
Diet and Risk Factors for Pancreatic Cancer 325
Role of Oxidative Stress in Pancreatic Cancer and Prevention 326
Nutritional Impact on Pancreatic Apoptosis 327
Conclusions 328
References 328
Strategies to Circumvent Resistance to Apoptosis in Prostate Cancer Cells by Targeted Necrosis 339
Introduction 340
Conclusion 356
References 357
Carcinogenesis and Therapeutic Strategies for Thyroid Cancer 359
Introduction 359
Activation of TSHR-Gsp Pathway Is Involved in Benign Thyroid Lesions 362
Receptor Tyrosine Kinase-Ras-Raf Pathway is Constitutively Activated in Approximately 70% of all Thyroid Cancers and is an Important Potential Therapeutic Target for Thyroid Cancer 363
PI3K-AKT Pathway is Overactive in Development and Progression of Thyroid Cancer and is also a Novel Therapeutic Target for Thyroid Cancer 365
Angiogenesis in Thyroid Cancer 367
Several Functional ProteinsWere Overexpressed in Thyroid Cancer 368
Molecules Involved in Cellular Differentiation and Adhesion Is Decreased in the Progression of Thyroid Cancer 369
Estrogen Is a Proliferative Factor for Thyroid Cancer 371
Mutation of p53 is Common and Is a Target of Gene Therapy in Thyroid Cancer 372
Alteration of Apoptotic Pathways in Thyroid Cancer 373
Selenium Deficiency Is a Risk Factor for Thyroid Cancer Development 376
NIS Expression and Therapeutic Potential in Thyroid Cancer 376
Conclusions 377
References 378
Index 387