100 Volumes of 'Notes on Numerical Fluid Mechanics' (eBook)

Both editors were active in the field at universities, DLR, and industry for a long length of time .

Preface I 6
Preface II 9
Foreword of the Volumes’ Editors 11
Contents 12
Introduction 16
Some Historical Observations 16
Development of Computer Power and Algorithms 18
About Conceptions and Misconceptions 20
Future Developments and Needs 22
Scope and Content of the Volume 24
References 24
Part I The NNFM Series and its Origins 26
The NNFM Series 27
Introduction 27
The Aim of the Series 28
Evolution of the Series 29
The General Editors and the Co-Editors 30
And Last, But Not Least ... 32
The Origin of the Series in the GAMM-Committee for Numerical Methods in Fluid Mechanics 33
Introduction 33
The GAMM-Committee for Numerical Methods in Fluid Mechanics 34
The Book Series "Notes on Numerical Fluid Mechanics" 36
The GAMM-Conferences on Numerical Methods in Fluid Mechanics 37
GAMM-Workshops on Numerical Methods in Fluid Mechanics 39
References 40
The Environment of the Series in the Initial Phase 43
Introduction 43
Early Investigations 44
Spreading the News 46
The DFG-Priority Programs 48
The CNRS-DFG Venture 51
High Performance Computing 54
Concluding Remarks 57
References 57
German and EU High-Performance Computation Centers 59
Introduction 59
Historical Background 60
Foundation of Federal High-Performance Supercomputing Centers 61
Jülich Supercomputing Center of the Forschungszentrum (Research Center) Jülich 61
Höchstleistungsrechenzentrum Stuttgart, HLRS (High-Performance Supercomputing Center Stuttgart) 62
Höchstleistungsrechenzentrum Bayern, HLRB (High-Performance Supercomputing Center Bavaria) 63
Participation of Germany in European High-Performance Supercomputing 64
Development of High-Performance Supercomputing in Europe 66
The Gauß Center of Supercomputing, GCS 68
The Association PRACE: Partnership for Advanced Computing in Europe 69
Construction of a European Supercomputer Infrastructure 69
Concluding Remarks 70
References 70
Part II Co-Editors Forum: Selected Worldwide Developments 72
General Developments of Numerical Fluid Mechanics Until the Middle of the 20th Century 74
Introduction 74
From Antiquity to the Renaissance 75
The Enlightenment: the Age of Reason 77
Leonhard Euler 78
The 19th Century: Mathematical Fluid Mechanics 80
Vortex Discontinuities and Resistance 80
The Boundary Layer and Separation 82
Shock Waves 83
The 20th Century: The Computational Era 84
Early Methods 84
Methods to Solve the Euler Equations: 1950-1970 86
Time-Marching Technology 87
Treatment of Viscous Flows 88
References 88
Golden Age of French CFD in the 1970-80s: Aerodynamics with Finite Elements and the European Multi-Physics HERMES Program 90
Computational Fluid Dynamics 90
A First Multiphysics Challenge for CFD: the HERMES Program 92
Computational Mathematics and the Finite Element Method in Aerodynamics 94
Code Development in the German Aerospace Industry up to the Mid 1990s 97
Introduction 97
Potential Equation Codes 99
Panel Methods 99
Potential Equation Methods 100
Euler Codes 100
Boundary-Layer Methods 102
Navier-Stokes Codes 103
Towards the Common German MEGAFLOW System 105
References 106
Discontinuities in Compressible Flows: Italian Contributions 111
Introduction 111
Shock Fitting 113
Shock Capturing 114
Not Only Time Dependency, Compressibility or Shocks 115
Contributions from the Italian CFD Community 116
"Fitting" Contributions 116
"Capturing" Contributions 117
Conclusions 119
References 120
Flashback: 30 Years Numerical Fluid Mechanics and Aerodynamics in Japan, other Asian Countries and the Western Pacific Rim 121
Asian Contribution from a Statistical View Point 122
CFD History in Asia, Mainly in Japan 123
Early 1980s 123
Mid 1980s – Early 1990s 124
Mid 1990s – Early 2000s 125
Early 2000s – Present 126
Final Remarks 126
References 127
Computational Fluid Mechanics in Russia 128
Organization of Scientific Research in Computational Hydromechanics and Aerodynamics 128
Problems and Methods of Computational Hydromechanics and Aerodynamics 131
Developments in the Theory of Difference Schemes for Hydroaerodynamics 132
Development of Splitting Methods for Difference Schemes of Hydroaerodynamics 133
Development of High-Order Difference Methods 134
Irregular Grids (Curvilinear, Moving) 135
The Particle-in-Cell (PIC) Method 136
Solution Methods for Navier–Stokes Equations 137
Software Packages, Computer Systems 139
References 140
CFD Developments in the Northern European Countries 143
Developments in Sweden 143
DNS Code for Studying Wall-Bounded Turbulent BoundaryLayers 144
CFD for Ship Flows 144
Aerospace CFD Applications 145
Numerical Weather Prediction 146
Developments in Norway 147
Developments in Denmark - Wind Turbine Aerodynamics 149
{/sf EllipSys3D} Code 150
Developments in Finland 150
{/sf FINFLO} Code 151
References 153
Some Developments in Computational Aerodynamics in the UK 154
Introduction 154
Contributions to Methods for Dealing with Complex Aerodynamic Configurations 155
The Multi–Block Method 156
Unstructured Grid Methods 157
Contributions to CFD Based on the Navier Stokes Equations 159
References 163
The Development of Numerical Fluid Mechanics and Aerodynamics since the 1960s: US and Canada 168
The Dawn of Modern CFD 168
The Starting Position, 40 Years Ago 168
The Birth of High-Resolution Schemes 169
Computational Aerodynamics in the 1970s 171
The Heyday of CFD: 1980-1998 173
Impact of High-Resolution Schemes 173
Emphasis on Grids, Parallel Computing, and More 178
Latest Developments 182
CFD in Canada 185
Concluding Remarks 186
References 186
Part III Current Applications of Numerical Methods in Fluid Mechanics/Aerodynamics 195
European Numerical Aerodynamics Simulation Systems 197
Introduction 197
France 198
Germany 201
Italy 203
The Netherlands 206
Sweden 208
United Kingdom 210
References 212
Numerical Aerodynamics in Transport Aircraft Design 217
Introduction 217
The Design Task 218
Aerodynamic Analysis of Flight 224
Problem Diagnosis 225
Conclusion 226
References 227
Numerical Aerothermodynamic Design in the European Space Industry 229
Introduction 229
Particular Requirements on Physical Modelling 231
Particular Requirements on Numerical Methods 232
Presentation of Selected Results 232
Non-Winged Space Vehicles 233
Winged Space Vehicles. 234
References 237
The Second International Vortex Flow Experiment (VFE-2): Status 2007 239
Introduction 239
Test Configuration 240
Program of Work 240
Results 241
Outlook 246
References 246
Large-Eddy Simulations of Flow Problems of Aeronautical Industry 249
Introduction 249
LES Solutions 251
Ahmed Body Car Model 251
Film Cooling 253
Coaxial Jet 254
Reacting Flow in a Combustion Chamber 257
Ignition Process in a Full Combustion Chamber 259
Conclusion 261
References 261
Issues of Multidisciplinary Design 263
Introduction 263
Cayley’s Design Paradigm and its Weakening 265
Ideal-Typical Airframe Definition and Development 267
Challenges 270
Mathematical/Numerical Product Models 270
Flow-Physics and Structure-Physics Models 270
The Product-Knowledge Problem 271
Implementation and Acceptance at Industry 271
Fluid Structure Interaction as Important Element of MSDO 272
Conclusion 276
References 276
Evolutionary Optimisation Methods with Uncertainty for Modern Multidisciplinary Design in Aeronautical Engineering 279
Introduction 279
Methodology 280
Analysis and Formulation of Problem 281
Real World Design Problems 284
Multi-objective Design Optimisation of a J-UCAV 284
Uncertainty Based MDO of the J-UCAV 287
Conclusions 291
References 292
CFD Application in Automotive Industry 293
Introduction 293
Vehicle Aerodynamics 294
Thermal Management and Cabin Environment 296
Internal Combustion Engine 299
Aeroacoustics 301
References 302
Part IV Applications to Flow Problems in Engineering and Physics 304
Performance Upgrading of Hydraulic Machinery with the Help of CFD 306
Modernization of Old Hydro Electric Power Stations 306
Analysis of Turbine Components 308
Preliminary Design of a New Runner 309
Analysis of the Existing (Old) Runner 310
Optimization of the New Runner 313
Parametric Runner Design 315
Conclusion 316
References 317
Calculating Blast Loads for Civil Engineering Structures 318
Introduction 318
Physics 319
Numerics 320
Fluxes and Limiters 321
Engineering 325
Initiation From Detailed 1-D/2-D/Axisymmetric Runs 325
Successive Interpolation 325
Examples 325
Nairobi, Kenya: 326
Market Square: 326
Financial Center: 326
Conclusions and Outlook 327
Acknowledgements 329
References 329
Numerical Modelling of Technical Combustion 332
Introduction 332
Strategies for Numerical Simulation of Combustion 333
Calculation of the Flow Field 333
Modelling of Chemical Reactions 334
Some Basic Properties 335
Numerical Simulation of Combustion 337
RANS-Modelling 338
Modelling Using PDF-Transport Equations 341
LES-Modelling 342
DNS-Modelling 344
References 345
Kinetic Modeling and Simulation of Environmental and Civil Engineering Flow Problems 348
Introduction 348
A Short Introduction to Lattice-Boltzmann Modelling of Navier-Stokes Problems 349
Extensions of LBM for Coupled Problems 350
Turbulent Flows 350
Multiphase Flows in Porous Media 351
Free Surface Flows and Fluid-Structure-Interaction 352
Thermal Flows 353
Conclusion and Outlook 353
References 354
CFD in Process Engineering 358
Introduction 358
Modelling Complex Fluids 359
Top-Down and Bottom-Up Approach 360
Simulation in MOVPE Reactor Design 361
Applications of LBM 363
Conclusion 365
References 365
Computational Electromagnetics 367
Background 367
Maxwell Equations in the Time Domain 368
Current Status of CEM 372
Concluding Remarks 376
References 377
Computer Modelling of Magnetically Confined Plasmas 379
Introduction 379
Early Modelling Efforts 381
Emerging Fields of the 1980s 382
On the Way to a Numerical Tokamak 385
Future Trends 389
References 391
Frontiers in Computational Geophysics: Simulations of Mantle Circulation, Plate Tectonics and Seismic Wave Propagation 392
Introduction 392
Mantle Flow and Circulation Modelling 393
Plate Tectonics and Boundary Forces 396
Seismic Wave Propagation 399
References 399
Solar System Plasmadynamics and Space Weather 403
Introduction 403
Modelling the Solar Wind 404
The Governing Equations 404
Resolving Disparate Scales 406
Parallel Performance 406
A Space-Weather Modeling Framework 408
Representative Results of the Coupled Model 409
Concluding Remarks 410
References 412
Numerical Fluid Dynamics in Astrophysics 413
Newtonian Flows 413
Flows in Cosmological Structure Formation 414
Thermonuclear Supernova Explosions 418
Relativistic Flows 420
Special Relativistic Flows 420
General Relativistic Flows 421
Concluding Remarks 423
References 424
Part V Algorithms, Computer Science and Computers 425
Multigrid Software for Industrial Applications - From MG00 to SAMG 427
Introduction and Historical Remarks 427
The Beginning: Optimal Multigrid 428
Making Compromises: Multigrid Acceleration 430
The Idea of Robust Multigrid: Towards AMG 431
Algebraic Multigrid (AMG) 432
Algebraic Versus Geometric Multigrid 432
AMG for Scalar Partial Differential Equations 432
AMG for Systems of PDEs 433
Function-Based (or Unknown-Based) AMG 434
Point-Based AMG: A General Framework 434
Linear Solver Libraries Based on Multigrid 435
Industrial Applications 435
Outlook 437
References 438
Computer Science and Numerical Fluid Mechanics – An Essential Cooperation 441
Introduction 441
Memory Management for Adaptive Space-Tree Grids Based on Stacks 444
Fluid-Structure Interaction 448
Conclusion 452
References 452
Commercial CFD in the Service of Industry: The First 25 Years 455
Introduction 455
Brief History and Background 456
The First 10 Years 456
The 1990’s 457
The Present 458
The Next Phase 459
Geometry Creation and Mesh Generation 460
Numerical Methods 461
Physical Models 462
Other Advanced Technologies 463
Concluding Remarks 464
References 464
High Performance Computing in Academia and Industry - An Example for a Private Public Partnership in HPC 466
Introduction 466
Dual Use: Academia and Industry 467
Potential Advantages 468
A Public Private Partnership Approach 468
Prerequisites and Problems 470
Mode of Operation 470
Discussion of Results 471
Future 472
Requests From Industry 472
Know-How Transfer 473
Access to Resources 473
Visualization 474
Conclusion 474
References 474
Computer Hardware Development as a Basis for Numerical Simulation 476
Computer Organization: The von Neumann Concept and Alternatives 476
Semiconductor Technology, Moore’s Law, Instruction Level Parallelism and Multi-Core Technology 477
Energy Efficiency as New Optimizing Target 481
High Performance Computer Systems for Numerical Simulation 482
References 483
Petaflops Computers and Beyond 484
Technical Progress for 20 Years Since the 1980s 484
Technical Challenges and Emerging Technologies for Petaflops Computers and Beyond 486
Technical Challenges in Hardware 486
Trends of Semiconductor Technology 486
Trends of Interconnection Technology 488
Technical Challenges of Application Development 489
Petaflops Projects 491
DARPA High Productivity Computing System (HPCS) 491
The Next Generation Supercomputer Project in Japan 492
References 493
Part VI Appendix 494
List of NNFM Volumes 495
Forerunner Volumes 495
NNFM Volumes from No. 1 to No. 100 496
New Volumes 504
Forthcoming Volumes 505