Basic Principles of Fresnel Antenna Arrays (eBook)

Foreword 7
Foreword 9
Contents 11
Introduction 15
References 18
Chapter 1 The Brief Elementary Basics of Antenna Arrays 19
1.1 Some Basic Antenna Parameters Definitions 19
1.1.1 Radiation Power Density 19
1.1.2 Radiation Intensity 19
1.1.3 Total Power Radiated 20
1.1.4 Directivity 20
1.1.5 Effective Area of an Antenna 21
1.1.6 Radiation Pattern 22
1.2 Antenna Arrays, Radiation Pattern, and Array Factor 22
1.2.1 Broadside and Fire Arrays 23
1.2.2 Defining Array Factor 23
1.2.3 Array Pattern 26
1.2.4 Effect of Array Geometry and Element Patterns 27
1.2.5 Half Power Beamwidth (HPBW) (for the major lobe) 28
1.2.6. Feeding of an Array 29
1.2.7 Diversity Combining [2, 5, 6] 29
1.2.8. Array Response Vector 29
1.2.9 Spatial-Polarization Signature 30
1.2.10 Grating Lobe Criteria 30
1.3 Brief Review of FZP Antennas 31
1.3.1 Why Lens Antenna? 31
1.3.2 Fresnel Lens and Fresnel Zone Plate 32
1.3.3 Classical Fresnel Zones 33
1.3.4 Classical Fresnel Zone Radii 34
1.3.5 Classical Circular Fresnel Zone Plate Lens Antenna Design 35
1.3.6 Phase Correcting Fresnel Lens Antennas 36
1.3.7 Grooved PCFL Antenna 37
1.3.8 Shadow Blockage 38
1.3.9 Mismatch Losses 39
1.3.10 Reflector-Backed Fresnel Zone Plate Antenna 41
1.3.11 Perforated Dielectric PCFL Antennas 46
1.3.12 Printed Metallic Rings PCFL Antenna 48
1.3.13 Subwavelength FZP 49
1.3.14 Perforated Subwavelength Diffractive Lens 51
1.3.15 Diffractive Photonic Crystal Lens 52
1.3.16 Phase Compensation for FZP Antenna of Big Diameter 54
1.4 Reference Phase Concept 55
1.4.1 Diffracting Grating and Fresnel Zone Plate 55
1.4.2 Physics of Reference Phase 57
1.4.3 Geometrical-Optics Interpretation 59
1.4.4 Reference Phase in Diffractive Antennas 64
1.4.5 Reference Phase: Alternative Definition 67
1.5 Main Principles of Real-Time Reconfigurable Diffractive Antenna Design 69
1.5.1 Theory of Photoconductivity FZP 69
1.5.2 Reconfigurable Plasma FZP 74
1.5.3 Electrical and Mechanical Concepts of Reconfigurable Technology [ 83] 78
1.5.4 Mechanically Reconfigurable 1D Fresnel- Zone- Plate- Shutter Antenna 80
1.5.5 2-Bit Antenna–Filter–Antenna Elements 81
1.5.6 Liquid Crystal Antennas 81
References 83
Chapter 2 Lens Candidates to Antenna Array 89
2.1 Circular Fresnel Zone Plate Antennas with Varying Reference Phase 89
2.2 Square FZP 99
2.2.1 Gain of a Rectangular Aperture 100
2.2.2 Diffraction Efficiency 102
2.2.3 Improved Zoning Rule for Designing Square Fresnel Zone Plate Lenses 104
2.2.4 Fresnel Diffractive-Interferometric Arrays 109
2.2.5 Polygonal FZP 113
2.3 Beampattern with Chiral Symmetry 129
2.3.1 Basic Principles of Zone Rotation 129
2.3.2 Square FZPs with Rotated Zones 135
2.3.3 HFZPL Antenna with Rotated Zones 138
2.3.4 FZP Antenna with Hexagonal-Cut Zones 140
2.3.5 FZPA with Rotated Alternating Hex-Cut Zones 142
2.3.6 CFZPL with Outer Ring Cut in Hexagon Shape 144
References 145
Chapter 3 FZP Lens Array 147
3.1 The Resolution Limit of FZPL with Small Values 147
3.1.1 Some Details According Image Quality 148
3.1.2 Main Well-Known Numerical Criteria of Point Image Evaluation 149
3.1.3 Anomaly in a High-Numerical-Aperture Diffractive Focusing Lens 151
3.1.4 Results of FZPL Investigations with Sub-wavelength Focus 152
3.2. Single-Zone FZPA Case 156
3.2.1 Focal Distance Spacing Adjustment 160
3.2.2 Single-Zone FZPA Compared with Superstrate Antenna 161
3.3 Small 2 × 2 Single-Zone HFZP Array 164
3.3.1 Microstrip Feed Networks 167
3.3.2 Array Characteristics 167
3.4 Arrays of Perforated Dielectric Fresnel Lenses 170
3.4.1 2 × 2 Array of Perforated FZP Lenses 171
3.4.2 4 × 4 Array of Perforated FZP Lenses 173
3.5 Simple Circular Zone Determination in Overlapping Case 182
3.5.1 Linear Two-Elements FZP Array 182
3.5.2 4 × 4 Array 184
References 186
Chapter 4 Some Fields of Lens Array Applications 189
4.1 Array of Small Lenses 189
4.2 Lens Array Based on Luneberg Lenses 191
4.3 Array of Luneberg Lenses Protrudes Outside of the Fuselage 192
4.4 Fly’s-Eye Imaging Concept 193
4.5 Waveguide Lens Array Technology 194
4.6 Active Transmit Lens Array Antenna Concept 197
4.6.1 Hexagonal Array and Active Area for Circular Elements 198
4.7 Layered FZPL Antenna Array 200
4.8 Application of a Short-Focus FZP Array to the Hartmann – Shack Sensor 201
4.9 Exoplanet Detection Array with Unlimited Aperture 204
4.10 Applications of FZP Array with Reference Phase 206
4.10.1 Multi-path Fading in Point-to-Point Communication 206
4.10.2 Secure Communication Using Directed Phase Modulation 209
4.11 Suggestions for Future Work 210
4.11.1 Zones Structure with Overlapping 213
4.11.2 The Main Areas for Further Research 215
References 215