Convective and Advective Heat Transfer in Geological Systems (eBook)

Dr Chongbin Zhao obtained BE and PhD in Tsinghua University, China. He worked as Postdoctoral Research Fellow, Research Fellow, Senior Project Scientist, and Senior Research Scientist in Australia. He also worked as Professor, Cheung Kong Scholar, and Chair Professor in China. He is an author of more than 130 papers in peer-refereed international journals. Dr Bruce Hobbs obtained a BSc and PhD from Sydney University and has held academic positions at The University of California at Los Angeles and Davis, The Australian National University, Monash University and The State University of NY at Albany. He has held senior positions in the Australian Commonwealth Research and Industrial Organization. He is author of over 140 papers in peer-refereed international journals. Dr Alison Ord obtained a BSc from the University of Edinburgh and a PhD from the University of California at Los Angeles. She undertook research at Monash University before joining the Australian Commonwealth Research and Industrial Organization where she is presently a Chief Research Scientist. She is author of over 50 papers in peer-refereed international journals.

Preamble 5
Acknowledgements 9
Contents 11
Nomenclature 15
Subscripts 16
Superscripts 16
Introduction 17
Distribution of Pore-Fluid Pressure Gradient in the Crust with Temperature Neglected 23
2.1 The Crust Comprised of a Single Homogeneous Layer 23
2.2 The Crust Comprised of Two Homogeneous Layers 26
2.3 The Crust Comprised of Three Homogeneous Layers 29
2.4 The Critical Crustal Thickness for a Hydrostatic Pore-Fluid Pressure Gradient 31
Pore-Fluid Pressure Gradients in the Crust with Heat Conduction and Advection 33
3.1 The Effect of Heat Conduction on the Distribution of Pore- Fluid Pressure Gradients 34
3.2 The Effect of Heat Conduction and Advection on the Distribution of Pore- Fluid Pressure Gradients 37
Convective Heat Transfer in a Homogeneous Crust 43
4.1 Convective Heat Transfer in a Homogeneous Crust without Upward Throughflow 44
4.2 Convective Heat Transfer in a Homogeneous Crust with Upward Throughflow 52
Convective Heat Transfer in a Heterogeneous Crust 65
5.1 The Influence of Layered Material Heterogeneity on Convective Heat Transfer in a Heterogeneous Crust 65
5.2 The Influence of Material Thermoelasticity on Convective Heat Transfer in a Heterogeneous Crust 75
5.3 The Influence of Pore-Fluid Viscosity on Convective Heat Transfer in a Heterogeneous Crust 87
Pore-Fluid Focusing within Two-Dimensional Faults and Cracks of Crustal Scales with No Temperature Effects: Solutions Expressed in a Local Coordinate System 99
6.1 Description of the Problem 100
6.2 Derivation of Governing Equations of the Problem in a Local Elliptical .. Coordinate System 102
6.3 Derivation of Analytical Solutions when the Long Axis of an Elliptical Inclusion Is Parallel to the Inflow in the Far Field 105
6.4 Derivation of Analytical Solutions when the Short Axis of an Elliptical Inclusion Is Parallel to the Inflow in the Far Field 109
6.5 Derivation of Analytical Solutions when the Inflow of the Far Field Is Parallel to the X Direction of the Global XY Coordinate System 112
6.6 Derivation of Analytical Solutions when the Inflow of the Far Field Is Parallel to the Y Direction of the Global XY Coordinate System 115
6.7 Application Examples of the Present Analytical Solutions for Pore- Fluid Focusing Factors within Inclined Elliptical Inclusions 117
Pore-Fluid Focusing within Two-Dimensional Faults and Cracks of Crustal Scales with No Temperature Effects: Solutions Expressed in a Global Coordinate System 125
7.1 Derivation of Inverse Mappings between the Elliptical and the Cartesian Coordinate Systems 125
7.2 The Long Axis of an Elliptical Inclusion Is Parallel to the Inflow in the Far Field 127
7.3 The Short Axis of an Elliptical Inclusion Is Parallel to the Inflow in the Far Field 130
7.4 The Inflow of the Far Field Is Parallel to the X Direction of the Global XY Coordinate System 133
7.5 The Inflow of the Far Field Is Parallel to the Y Direction of the Global XY Coordinate System 135
7.6 Application Examples of the Present Analytical Solutions 137
Pore-Fluid Flow Focused Transient Heat Transfer within and around Two- Dimensional Faults and Cracks of Crustal Scales 149
8.1 Statement of the Problem 150
8.2 Validation of the Numerical Models 152
8.3 Numerical Simulation Results 154
Convective Heat Transfer within Three- Dimensional Vertical Faults Heated from Below 161
9.1 Statement of the Problem 162
9.2 Analysis of Convective Instability of the Fault Zone System 166
9.3 Possibility of Convective Flow in Geological Fault Zone Systems 172
Convective Heat Transfer within Three- Dimensional Inclined Faults Heated from Below 177
10.1 Governing Equations of the Problem 179
10.2 Analysis of Convective Instability of Pore-Fluid Flow in an Inclined Three- Dimensional Fault Zone System 183
10.3 Effect of the Dip Angle on Convective Instability of an Inclined Three- Dimensional Geological Fault Zone 190
Double-Diffusion Driven Convective Heat Transfer within Three- Dimensional Vertical Faults Heated from Below 195
11.1 Governing Equations of the Problem 196
11.2 Analysis of Double-Diffusion Driven Convective Instability for Three- Dimensional Fault Zones 202
11.3 The Possibility of Double-Diffusion Driven Convective Flow in Three- Dimensional Geological Fault Zones 208
Convection Induced Ore Body Formation and Mineralization within the Upper Crust of the Earth 211
12.1 Statement of the Problem and the Concept of Mineralization Rate 213
12.2 Precipitation and Dissolution of Zinc, Lead and Iron in Hydrothermal Systems 217
Summary Statements 231
References 235
Index 243