RESPACE - Key Technologies for Reusable Space Systems (eBook)

NNFM Editor Addresses 5
Foreword 6
Table of Contents 7
General Introduction 8
General Introduction 8
System Requirements on Investigation of Base Flow/Plume Interaction 10
Introduction 10
Determination of Boundary Conditions 11
Surrounding Pressure during Ascent 11
Flow Exit Conditions and Geometrical Boundary Conditions for the Rocket Engine 14
Choosing the Nozzle Expansion Ratio 15
Design of the Model Nozzles 19
Simplifications Used during the Contour Design 19
Definition of Nozzle Contours 20
Expected Flow Conditions at the Nozzle Exit 22
References 25
Experimental Study of the Base Flow 27
Introduction 27
Experimental Techniques 28
Test Facility and Similarity Considerations 28
Wind Tunnel Model and Measurement Technique 31
Results 34
Wall Pressures and Temperatures 34
Base Flow Topology and Sting Influence 37
Effects of Different Exhaust Gases on Flow Interactions 41
Shock Oscillations and Recorded Spectra 43
Conclusions 45
References 45
Large-Eddy Simulation of a Generic Space Vehicle 47
Introduction 47
Physical Problem 47
Model Geometry and Flow Conditions 49
Governing Equations and Solution Technique 50
Numerical Method 50
Grid 51
Boundary Conditions 52
Results 54
Variation of the Inlet Condition at the Nozzle 54
Base Flow Characteristics 55
Comparison with Experimental Data 59
Fourier Analysis 60
Concluding Remarks 61
References 62
Large Eddy Simulation of Nozzle Jet - External Flow Interaction 64
Introduction 64
Physical and Mathematical Models 65
Governing Equations 65
Turbulence Models 66
Numerical Method 68
Results and Discussion 70
Mesh and Aerodynamic Parameters 70
Instantaneous Flow Field 73
Nozzle Flow 81
Base Flow and Plume Shear Layer 83
Fluctuations of the Plume Shear Layer 84
Conclusions 86
References 87
Application of Transpiration Cooling for Hot Structures 89
Introduction 89
Background 89
Motivation 89
Proposed Aims 90
Design of Experimental Setup 91
Screening Test Series in L2K / L3K 91
Main Test Series in L3K 93
Experimental Results 97
Screening Tests 97
Main Tests L3K 103
Summary 108
References 109
Qualification of Active Cooling Concepts in Ground Facilities 111
Introduction 111
Film Cooling in Cold Hypersonic Flow 112
Wedge Model 112
Test Parameters 113
Experimental Results with Orthogonal Injection 115
Experimental Results with Tangential Injection 117
Concluding Remarks 123
High Enthalpy Qualification of Transpiration Cooled TPS 123
Test Facility 124
Model and Instrumentation 124
Flow Condition and Test Parameters 127
Test Results 128
Summary and Conclusions 136
References 137
Experimental Study of Active Cooling in 8 Laminar Hypersonic Flows 139
Introduction 139
Wind Tunnel Model and Test Facility 142
Experimental Results 144
Experiments without Cooling 144
Influence of the Cooling Gas Injection on the Flow Field 145
Influence of the Blowing Ratio F 147
Experiments with Multislot Arrangement 149
Influence of the Slot Width 150
Influence of the Blowing Angle 150
Influence of the Reynolds Number 151
Experiments with a Field of Blowing Holes 152
Cooling at the Stagnation Region 153
Three-Dimensional Effects Due to Finite Injection Slot Length 155
Summary 155
References 156
Numerical Investigations of Film Cooling 158
Introduction 158
Numerical Method 159
Governing Equations 159
Spatial and Time Discretisation 160
Initial and Boundary Conditions 160
Results 162
Comparison with Experiments at Mach 2.67 162
Comparison of Effusion-Cooling Configurations at Mach 6 164
Instability Investigations of an Effusion-Cooled Adiabatic Mach 6 Boundary Layer 168
Effusion Cooling by Slits at Flight Conditions for a Mach 6.8 Boundary Layer and Inclined Blowing 170
Conclusions 173
References 175
Transpiration Cooling Methods for the SpaceLiner 177
Introduction 177
The SpaceLiner 177
Flight Environment 179
Transpiration Cooling Using Liquid Water 180
Cooling Options 180
Cooling Concept 180
Testing 182
System Investigation of Water Cooling 185
Heating Analysis 185
Nose Water Usage 187
Leading Edge Water Usage 187
Remarks on Water Usage 189
Potential Materials to Be Used 191
Conclusions 191
References 191
Author Index 193