Hydrogenosomes and Mitosomes: Mitochondria of Anaerobic Eukaryotes (eBook)

Preface 6
Introduction 8
Contents 11
Anaerobic Eukaryotes in Pursuit of Phylogenetic Normality: the Evolution of Hydrogenosomes and Mitosomes 13
1 Introduction 13
2 Older Views of How and Why the Mitochondrion Become Established 15
3Anoxic and Sulfidic Oceans up to ~580 MY Ago 17
4 Canfield Oceans Give Anaerobic Eukaryotes Room to Breathe 19
5 Anoxic, Fine, and What About Sulfidic? 23
6 Conclusion 24
Protein Import into Hydrogenosomes and Mitosomes 33
1 Introduction 34
2 Protein Trafficking in Eukaryotes 35
3 Evolution of the Mitochondrial Protein Import Machinery 40
4 Studying Hydrogenosomal and Mitosomal Protein Import 42
6 Crossing the Organellar Membranes 58
7 The Protein Import Motor 65
8 Preprotein Processing Peptidases 67
9 Folding Newly Imported Soluble Proteins 70
10 Perspectives 72
Structure of the Hydrogenosome 86
1 Introduction 87
2 Where are Hydrogenosomes Found? 87
3 Hydrogenosome Shape 89
4 Hydrogenosome Size 89
5 Hydrogenosome Components 90
6 Fungal Hydrogenosomes 97
7 Proximity with Other Cellular Structures 98
8 Hydrogenosome Autophagy 99
9 Hydrogenosome Division 99
10 Hydrogenosome Behavior in the Cell Cycle 103
11 Hydrogenosomes Connection to Microtubules 104
12 Immunolabeling 104
Hydrogenosomes of Anaerobic Ciliates 108
1 Introduction 109
2 Nyctotherus ovalis 111
3 The Hydrogenosomes of Other Ciliates 114
4 Can the Methanogenic Symbionts Tell us More About the Origin and Function of Ciliate Hydrogenosomes 117
5 Evolutionary Aspects 117
Metabolism of Trichomonad Hydrogenosomes 124
1 Introduction 125
2 The Hydrogenosomal Membrane 125
3 Energy Metabolism 126
4 Proteins of the Core Catabolic Pathway 131
5 Interaction with Oxygen 138
7 Amino Acid and Polyamine Metabolism 145
8 Other Predicted Hydrogenosomal Proteins 148
9 Technical Note: Isolation of Hydrogenosomes for Biochemical Experiments 149
10 Perspectives 149
Hydrogenosomes of Anaerobic Chytrids: An AlternativeWay to Adapt to Anaerobic Environments 157
1 Introduction 158
2 Mitochondria Versus Hydrogenosomes 159
3 Anaerobic Chytrids Possess Hydrogenosomes and Perform a (Bacterial-Type) Mixed Acid Fermentation 161
4 Hydrogenosomal Metabolism of Piromyces and Neocallimastix 161
5 The Role of the Hydrogenosomes in the Energy Metabolism of Piromyces sp. E2 165
6 Evidence for a Mitochondrial Origin of Chytrid Hydrogenosomes 166
The Proteome of T. vaginalis Hydrogenosomes 173
1 The Mitochondrial Background 173
2 A Preliminary Status of Trichomonad Hydrogenosomal Proteomes 175
3 The Origins of Hydrogenosomal Proteins 183
4 Outlook 185
Hydrogenosome: The Site of 5-Nitroimidazole Activation and Resistance 189
1 Introduction 189
2 Activation of Metronidazole in Hydrogenosomes 190
3 Metronidazole Resistance 194
4 Conclusions 205
Mitosomes in Parasitic Protists 210
1 Introduction 211
2 Mitosomes, “Novel” Organelles in “Ancient” Protists? 213
3 Morphology of Mitosomes 215
4 Biogenesis of Mitosomes 218
5 Physiological Functions 223
6 Perspectives 232
The Mitochondrion-Related Organelle of Cryptosporidium parvum 240
1 Introduction 241
2 Ultrastructural Morphology 242
3 Cell Biology 246
4 Carbohydrate Metabolism 249
5 Energy Metabolism 252
6 The Crystalloid Body 253
7 Concluding Remarks and Future Perspectives 255
Mitochondrial Remnant in Blastocystis 263
1 Introduction 263
2 Morphology 265
3 Biochemistry of Mitochondria-Like Organelle of Blastocystis 268
4 Role of MLO in Blastocystis Programmed Cell Death 269
5 Future Directions 270
PossibleMitochondria-Related Organelles in Poorly-Studied “Amitochondriate” Eukaryotes 273
1 Introduction 273
2 Pelobionts 278
3 Metamonada 281
4 Heterolobosea 283
5 Postgaardi mariagerensis 285
6 Andalucia incarcerata 285
7 Breviata anathema 286
Subject Index 291