The 2007 ESO Instrument Calibration Workshop (eBook)

Preface 5
Contents 7
List of Contributors 15
Part I Introduction 27
Instruments Calibration at the La Silla Paranal Observatory 28
1 La Silla Paranal Observatory 28
1.1 Scientific Operations: Statistic 28
2 From the Theory (VLT White Book) to the Practice (Operations) 31
2.1 The Calibration Plan 31
2.2 The Quality Control (QC) 32
2.3 The Instrument Operation Team (IOT) 33
References 34
Discussion 34
The Detector Monitoring Project 35
1 Introduction 35
2 Status at the La Silla Observatory 36
3 Status at the Paranal Observatory 38
4 The Detector Monitoring Plan 40
5 The Common Pipeline Library 43
References 44
Discussion 45
Part II Session 1: Optical Spectro-Imagers 46
IOT Overview: Optical Spectro-Imagers 47
1 The Long Tradition of Optical Spectro-Imagers at ESO 47
2 Open Issues 49
3 Instrument Operations Team (IOT) Parallel Activities 51
References 54
Discussion 54
Photometry with FORS 56
1 Introduction 56
2 Data 56
3 Results 57
Summary and Outlook 61
References 61
Radial Velocity Measurements Based on FORS2 and FLAMES Spectra 62
1 Introduction 62
2 Data Samples 63
3 Conclusions 66
References 67
Discussion 68
The VLT-FLAMES Survey of Massive Stars: Instrumental Stability and Detection of Massive Binaries 69
1 Introduction 69
2 Binary Parameters 70
3 Instrumental Stability 70
References 71
VIMOS Total Transmission Pro.les for Broad-Band Filters 72
1 Transmission Profiles of Telescope + Instrument 72
2 Transmission Pro.les of Broad-Band Filters 74
3 Conclusions 74
Laboratory Measurements of Calibration Sources for X-Shooter 76
1 Introduction – X-Shooter 76
2 Wavelength Calibration for X-Shooter 76
3 First Results and Next Steps 79
References 79
Modelling the Fringing of the FORS2 CCD 81
1 Observational Setup 81
2 Reduction 82
3 Results 82
4 Prospects 84
References 85
Master Response Curves for Flux Calibration of VIMOS Spectroscopy 86
1 VIMOS Spectroscopic Modes 86
2 Master Response Curves 86
3 Veri.cation 87
4 Limitations and Availability 89
Reference 89
Part III Session 2: Optical Multi-object Spectrographs 90
IOT Overview: Optical Multi-Object Spectrographs 91
1 What is Multi-Object Spectroscopy? 91
2 ESO’s Optical MOS Instruments 91
3 Science that Is Done Using MOS Modes 94
4 Calibration of MOS Data 94
5 Monitoring the Instrument Performance 95
References 96
Quantitative Spectroscopy with FLAMES 97
1 Preparing the FLAMES Observations 97
2 Analysis of Gira.e Data 99
References 101
Discussion 101
Good News for MOS, MXU & Co. – The New Spectroscopic Pipeline for the FORSes
1 How Does the Pipeline Work? 103
2 Strengths and Weaknesses 105
3 Quality Control 106
4 Concluding Remarks 108
Discussion 108
Calibrating the VIMOS Redshift Survey Data 110
1 The VIMOS Spectrograph and the Redshift Survey Data 110
2 The VIMOS Data Reduction Pipeline 111
3 The Calibration of VIMOS Spectroscopic Data 113
4 The VIMOS Data Wavelength Calibration 116
5 Redshift Measurements 117
6 Conclusions 119
References 119
Discussion 120
Part IV Session 3: Near-IR and mid-IR Spectro-Imagers 121
IOT Overview: IR Instruments 122
1 Introduction 122
2 The Calibration Plan 123
3 Calibrations for Science: A Few Notes 124
4 Calibrations for Monitoring: Examples 129
5 Conclusions 131
References 131
Some (Little) Thing(s) about VISIR 132
1 The Instrument 132
2 The Warm Calibration Unit (WCU) 133
3 Detector Features 134
4 Instrument Performances 135
5 Instrument Characteristics and Signatures 137
6 Conclusions 141
References 141
Discussion 141
Infrared Spectrograph Calibration Issues: Using CRIRES, the High Resolution Infrared Spectrograph for ESO’s VLT as an Example 143
1 Introduction: General Spectrograph Calibration Issues 143
2 CRIRES in a Nut Shell 144
3 Special Challenges for Calibrating CRIRES 146
4 Other Tricky Calibrations 147
5 Conclusions and Outlook 148
References 148
Discussion 148
Calibrating Mid-Infrared Standard Stars 150
1 Introduction 150
2 The MIR Spectro-Photometric Standard Star Catalog 151
3 Data Processing and Quality Control 151
4 Results 153
References 155
Discussion 155
Stellar Calibrators for the Medium Resolution Spectrometer of the Mid Infra-Red Instrument on Board the JWST 156
1 The James Webb Space Telescope and the MIRI MRS 156
2 Calibration Method for the MRS 156
3 The Candidate Calibration Sources 157
4 Conclusions and Future Work 158
References 159
ISAAC LW Telluric Line Atlas 160
1 Project Description 160
2 Reduction & Analysis Procedure
3 Future Work 162
References 163
Building-Up a Database of Spectro-Photometric Standard Stars from the Ultraviolet to the Near-Infrared 164
1 Motivation 164
2 Instrumental Setup 165
3 Strategy 166
4 Current Status 167
References 167
Part V Session 4: Data Flow and Data Reduction Software 168
The VLT Data Flow System 169
1 Introduction 169
2 Program Handling (Phase I) 170
3 Observation Handling (Phase II) 170
4 Science Archive 171
5 Pipelines and Quality Control 172
5.1 The ESO Common Pipeline Library 173
5.2 Interactive Pipeline Environments: EsoRex and Gasgano 173
5.3 Interactive Pipeline Environments: the SAMPO Project 174
6 Evolution of the DFS: Support of Survey Facilities 175
7 The User Portal 176
References 177
Discussion 177
ESO Reflex: A Graphical Work.ow Engine for Running Recipes 178
1 The ESO Context 178
2 The Sampo Project 179
3 ESO Reflex 180
4 Advantages of the Work.ow Approach 182
5 Current and Future Activities 183
References 183
Discussion 183
Astronomical Data Reduction Pipelines at NASA: 30 Years and Counting 185
1 Introduction 185
2 The International Ultraviolet Explorer 186
3 Hubble Space Telescope 188
4 Summary: Lessons Learned 191
References 192
Discussion 192
The End-to-End Pipeline for HST Slitless Spectra PHLAG 193
1 The Hubble Legacy Archive 193
2 Slitless Spectroscopy 194
3 The Modules of PHLAG 195
4 Status 197
References 198
A Bottom-Up Approach to Spectroscopic Data Reduction 199
1 Robustness and Flexibility 199
2 Identification of Reference Objects 199
3 Application to the FORS Spectroscopic Pipeline 202
4 Application to the CRIRES Pipeline 203
References 204
Discussion 205
Model Based Instrument Calibration 206
1 Introduction 206
2 CRIRES 207
3 X-Shooter 210
4 Conclusions 211
References 212
Discussion 212
From Predictive Calibration to Forward Analysis – Preparing for the ELT Era 214
1 Introduction 214
2 Wavelength Calibration or Approximating Dispersion Data 214
3 A Historical Analogon 216
4 Predictive Calibration from Physical Instrument Models 217
5 A Striking Lesson on Predictive Power 219
6 Onwards to the E-ELT Era – Forward Analysis 219
7 Concluding Thoughts 220
References 222
Discussion 222
Efits: A New E.cient and Flexible FITS Library 224
1 Introduction 224
2 The Efits Library 225
3 The Shared Memory I/O Implementation 226
4 Conclusion 227
References 227
Error Propagation in the X-shooter Pipeline 228
1 Motivations 228
2 Calculations and Data Formats 228
3 The Problem of Covariance 229
References 230
The CRIRES Data Reduction Challenges 231
1 Data Reduction 231
2 Spectrum Extraction 231
3 Physical Model 233
4 Wavelength Calibration 233
References 234
THELI - A Pipeline for UV- to Mid-IR Imaging Data Reduction 235
1 Overview 235
2 Instrument Independence 236
3 Further Capabilities and Availability 237
References 238
MUSE: Design and Status of the Data Reduction Pipeline 239
1 The Instrument 239
2 The Data Reduction Pipeline 240
3 Status and Outlook 241
References 242
Part VI Session 5: Adaptive Optics Instruments 243
IOT Overview: Adaptive Optics 244
1 Introduction 244
2 AO Specific Calibrations 247
3 The Case of the MACAO(s) 247
4 The NAOS Case 250
5 Conclusion 253
AO Assisted Spectroscopy with SINFONI: PSF, Background, and Interpolation 254
1 A Short Introduction to SINFONI 254
2 The Adaptive Optics Point Spread Function 254
3 Improving the Background Subtraction 258
4 Interpolating in 3 Dimensions 259
References 261
Discussion 262
Imaging and Treatment of the PSF in AO Instruments: Application to NACO 264
1 Introduction 264
2 Adaptive Optics PSF Characteristics 265
3 Adaptive Optics PSF Variability 267
4 Adaptive Optics PSF Reconstruction 270
5 Conclusions 273
References 273
Discussion 274
Probing µ-arcsec Astrometry with NACO 275
Probing µ-arcsec Astrometry with NACO 275
1 Motivation and Introduction 275
2 Results from the Feasibility Study 276
3 Improvements: NACO Cube Mode 277
4 Calibration Issues 277
References 278
Discussion 278
Part VII Session 6: Integral Field Spectroscopy 280
IOT Overview: Integral Field Spectroscopy 281
1 Introduction 281
2 Integral Field Spectrographs at the VLT 283
3 VIMOS 284
4 FLAMES-GIRAFFE 286
5 SINFONI 288
References 290
Discussion 290
Integral Field Spectrographs: A User’s View 291
1 Introduction 291
2 Specifics 291
3 Pushing the Limits 292
4 Implications and the Fear of Resampling 293
5 Conclusions and Perspectives 294
References 295
Discussion 295
Specsim: A Software Simulator for Integral Field Unit Spectrometers 297
1 Introduction 297
2 Modelling the Field of View 299
3 Modelling the IFU Spectrometer 302
References 302
Integral Field Spectroscopy with VIMOS 303
1 Introduction 303
2 Science with the VIMOS IFU 303
3 Data Reduction 307
4 Instrument Performance 308
References 312
Discussion 312
KMOS: Design Overview and Calibration Requirements 313
1 Introduction 313
2 Science Case and Functional Speci.cation 313
3 Instrument Description 314
4 Calibration Requirements 317
References 318
Discussion 319
Calibration of the KMOS Multi-Field Imaging Spectrometer 320
1 An Introduction to KMOS 320
2 Planning KMOS Observations 321
3 Calibration of Spatial and Spectral Distortions 323
4 KMOS Sky Subtraction Modes 323
5 Calibration Unit Design and Performance 324
References 325
MUSE: A Second-Generation Integral-Field Spectrograph for the VLT 326
1 Imaging and Spectroscopic Surveys 327
2 MUSE 327
3 MUSE Science Case 329
4 Opto-Mechanical Concept 332
5 Operation and Data Reduction 334
6 Project Status 335
7 Conclusions 336
References 336
SPHERE-IFS: A Tool for Direct Detection of Giant Planets 338
1 Science Goal 338
2 SPHERE 338
3 SPHERE IFS: Instrument Concept 339
4 Calibrations 339
5 Spectroscopic SDI Technique 340
References 341
The Origin of Fringing in the VIMOS IFU 343
1 Introduction 343
2 Grism and Filter E.ect 343
3 Shift due to Instrument Movements 343
4 Di.erence Between the Sky FF and the Screen FF 345
5 Variations Inside a Single Mask 345
6 Conclusion 346
Reference 346
A User’s View of VIMOS-IFU Calibrations 347
1 VIMOS IFU Mode 347
2 Accuracy of the Wavelength Calibration and Resolving Power 348
3 Conclusions 349
Reference 350
Part VIII Session 7: High Resolution Spectroscopy 351
IOT Overview: High Resolution Spectrographs 352
1 Introduction 352
2 Instrumentation 352
3 Calibrations 357
4 Instrument Monitoring and Stability 360
5 Conclusions 361
References 361
Quantitative Spectroscopy with UVES 363
1 Introduction 363
2 Removal of CCD Fringing 364
3 Removal of Telluric Lines 365
4 Continuum Rectification 368
5 Conclusions 371
References 371
Discussion 371
High Resolution and High Precision-Spectroscopy with HARPS 373
1 Introduction 373
2 The Doppler Measurement 374
3 The Wavelength Calibration 375
4 Outlook on a “Perfect Calibrator” 381
5 Conclusions 382
References 382
Discussion 382
Laser Comb: A Novel Calibration System for High Resolution Spectrographs 383
1 Introduction 383
2 Requirements and Speci.cations 385
3 Status and Perspectives 386
References 387
Discussion 387
Instrumental Line Shape Function for High Resolution Fourier Transform Molecular and Atmospheric Spectroscopy 389
1 Introduction 389
2 Atmospheric Remote Sensing Requirements 389
3 Least Squares Line Parameter Fitting 390
4 Analysis of Pure Rotational Spectra of Ozone 391
References 392
Calibration Sources for CRIRES 394
1 CRIRES Wavelength Calibration 394
2 CRIRES and Its Calibration Sources 395
3 Laboratory Work, Results and Outlook 396
References 397
Recent Developments in the Optimal Extraction of UVES Spectra 399
1 Introduction 399
2 Algorithm 399
3 Robust Automatic Data Reduction 401
References 403
A new Generation of Spectrometer Calibration Techniques Based on Optical Frequency Combs 404
1 Calibration of High Resolution Spectrometers 404
2 Calibration of Mid Resolution Spectrometers 407
References 407
Part IX Session 8: Atmospheric E.ects 408
Photometric Calibration of LSST Data 409
1 Introduction 409
2 Calibration Requirements and Goals 410
3 Calibration Issues and Strategy 411
4 Instrumental Calibration 414
5 Monitoring Observing Conditions 416
References 417
The GTC Photometric Calibration Programme 418
1 Introduction 418
2 The Importance of a Proper Set of Standard Stars for GTC 419
3 The GTC 419
4 The GTC Calibration Approach for the Optical and Near IR 420
5 Conclusions 424
References 425
Discussion 425
Measuring the Amount of Precipitable Water Vapour with VISIR 426
1 Introduction 426
2 PWV Based on VISIR Sky Spectra 427
3 Conclusion 430
References 430
Discussion 431
NIR Extinction Coe.cients in Paranal 432
1 Introduction 432
2 The Sample 432
3 Data Analysis 432
References 435
Improvements in the Residual OH Emission Removal in SINFONI Pipeline Spectra 436
1 Introduction 436
2 Sky Emission 436
3 Algorithm 437
Summary 439
References 439
Calibration of the Relationship Between Precipitable Water Vapor and 225GHz Atmospheric Opacity via Optical Echelle Spectroscopy at Las Campanas Observatory 440
References 440
Part X Session 9: Interferometric Instrumentation 441
IOT Overview: Calibrations of the VLTI Instruments (MIDI and AMBER) 442
1 Introduction 442
2 Interferometric Instrumentation at Paranal 444
3 Interferometric Calibration Requirements 445
4 VLTI Calibrator Catalogs 447
5 Flux Calibrations 449
6 Internal Calibrations and Daily Monitoring 449
7 Conclusion and Perspectives 450
References 451
Discussion 451
AMBER on the VLTI: Data Processing and Calibration Issues 452
1 Introduction 452
2 The AMBER Instrument 452
3 AMBER and the VLTI 454
4 Conclusion 459
References 460
Discussion 461
QC and Analysis of MIDI Data Using mymidigui and OYSTER 462
1 Introduction 462
2 Tools 462
3 Acquisition 463
4 Photometry 463
5 Transfer Function 464
6 SCI PHOT Mode 466
7 Conclusions 467
References 467
Discussion 467
Calibration of AMBER Visibilities at Low Spectral Resolution 469
1 AMBER Observations 469
2 Raw Data Pre-Processing 469
3 Aberrant Data Removal 470
4 Visibility Calibration 471
5 Visibility Model-Fitting 471
VLTI Instruments: From J to N Band Instrumental Calibrations, from Short to Long Baseline Astronomical Calibrations 473
1 VLTI Layout, Instruments and Sub-systems 473
2 VLTI Daily Calibrations and Reference Frames 473
3 Monitoring of the VLTI Sub-systems 474
4 Conclusions 476
References 476
Part XI Session 10: Polarimetry 477
IOT Overview: Polarimetry 478
1 Introduction 478
2 Near-IR Polarimetric Instruments 479
3 “Optical” Instruments 481
4 Conclusion 485
References 486
Polarimetry with ESO Instruments 487
1 Scientific Use of ESO Polarimetry 487
2 Polarimetry with FORS1 and EFOSC2 489
3 Polarimetry with SOFI, ISAAC and NACO 493
4 Polarimetric Calibration of ZIMPOL/SPHERE 495
References 496
Discussion 497
Faint NIR Polarimetric Standards 498
1 The Polarimetry Mode of LIRIS 498
2 The Case for Faint Polarimetric Standards in the NIR? 499
3 The First Standards 500
4 For the Future ... 501
References 501
Developmental Aspects of a Multi-Slit Spectro-Polarimeter 502
1 Introduction 502
2 New Technologies 503
3 System Requirements 504
4 Optical Design & Current Status
References 505
Current and Future Instruments Providing a Spectro-Polarimetric Mode 506
1 Introduction 506
2 Existing Spectropolarimetric Facilities 506
3 Planned Spectropolarimetric Facilities on Large Telescopes 509
4 Future Instruments at ESO 509
Circular Polarization Observations at ESO Using UT2 and FORS1 510
1 Intermediate Polars 510
2 Circular Polarimetric Observations of IPs, Using FORS1 511
3 Preliminary Results 512
References 513
Part XII Session 11: Wide Field Imagers 514
IOT Overview: Wide-Field Imaging 515
1 The Science 515
2 WFI@2.2m MPG Telescope at La Silla: An Overview 516
3 WFI Operations 518
4 What We Could Have Done Better 521
5 Conclusions 524
References 525
Discussion 526
Processing Wide Field Imaging Data 527
1 Introduction 527
2 Overall Data Structure 527
3 Overall Processing Philosophy 528
4 Image Processing 530
5 Object Cataloging 531
6 Astrometric Calibration 532
7 Photometric Calibration 534
8 Quality Control Measures 535
References 536
Discussion 537
The Garching-Bonn Deep Survey (GaBoDS) Wide-Field-Imaging Reduction Pipeline 538
1 Introduction 538
2 Structure 538
3 Processing 539
4 Reduction of the ESO Deep Public Survey 541
References 543
Discussion 543
Calibrating VISTA Data 544
1 Introduction 544
2 Strategy: Prepare for VISTA with WFCAM 545
3 Instrument Characteristics 545
4 Astrometric Calibration 547
5 Photometric Calibration 548
6 Conclusion 549
References 549
Discussion 549
The VISTA Data Flow System 550
1 Introduction to CASU and VDFS 550
2 IR Data Reduction 551
3 Pipelines and Project Status 555
References 555
Discussion 556
SkyMapper and the Southern Sky Survey a Resource for the Southern Sky 557
1 The SkyMapper Telescope 557
2 Detectors and Filters 557
3 The Southern Sky Survey 559
4 Global Photometric Calibration 559
5 A Filter Set for Stellar Astrophysics 560
6 Data Products and Their Possible Application to ESO Calibration 562
References 562
Discussion 562
Quality Control Monitoring for WFCAM 564
1 WFCAM Data Quality Control 564
2 NIR Sky Brightness 566
References 569
Discussion 570
Relative and Absolute Calibration for Multi-Band Data Collected with the 2.2m ESO/MPI and 1.54m Danish Telescopes 571
1 WFI Data Set 571
2 Danish Data Set 573
3 Conclusions 574
References 575
ALBUM: A Tool for the Analysis of Slitless Spectra and its Application to ESO WFI Data 576
1 Data Reduction 576
2 Results: Frequency of Be Stars vs. Metallicity 578
3 Conclusions 579
References 579
Part XIII Workshop Summary 580
The 2007 ESO Instrument Calibration Workshop – A Personal Summary 581
1 Introduction 581
2 Calibrations at ESO 582
3 Calibration Challenges from VLT to ELT 583
4 Conclusions 590
Index 591