Evoked Spinal Cord Potentials (eBook)

Preface 6
Acknowledgments 7
Contents 8
Section A Bases of Understanding the Spinal Cord 13
Chapter 1 Neuroanatomical Considerations 14
1.1 Gross Anatomy of the Human Spinal Cord 14
1.2 Spinal Meninges 19
1.3 Cross-Sectional Anatomy of the Spinal Cord 19
1.4 Afferent Input to the Spinal Cord 25
1.5 Somatosensory and Other Ascending Tracts 28
1.6 Input to the Spinal Cord from Pathways Descending from the Brain 32
Acknowledgment 36
Chapter 2 Physiology of the Spinal Cord 37
2.1 Electrophysiological Recordings from the Spinal Cord 37
2.2 Responses of Nociceptive Dorsal Horn Neurons to Peripheral Input 40
2.3 Responses of Spinal Cord Neurons to Corticospinal Volleys 43
Acknowledgment 44
Chapter 3 Pharmacology of the Spinal Cord 45
Acknowledgment 50
Chapter 4 Overviews of Human (Evoked) Spinal Cord Potentials (SCPs): Recording Methods and Terminology 51
4.1 Animal SCPs and Human SCPs 51
4.2 Recording Methods of Human SCPs from the Posterior Epidural Space 55
4.3 Six Different Kinds of Human SCPs Recorded from the Epidural Space 57
Section B Somatosensory Evoked Spinal Cord Potentials (Segmental SCPs) 61
Chapter 1 Segmental SCPs 62
1.1 Waveform Characteristics 62
1.2 Comparison with Skin Surface Recordings 63
1.3 Comparison with Posterior Pharyngeal Recordings 63
1.4 Origins of the Segmental SCP 66
Chapter 2 Spinal Cord Potentials Evoked by Ascending Volleys 74
2.1 Waveform Characteristics of SCPs Evoked by Ascending Volleys 74
2.2 SCPs Evoked by Two Ascending Volleys from the Cauda Equina 75
2.3 Conduction Velocities of Ascending Volleys Along the Cord 76
Chapter 3 Spinal Cord Potentials Evoked by Descending Volleys 80
3.1 Waveform Characteristics of SCPs Evoked by Descending Volleys to the Spinal Cord 80
3.2 Effects of Graded Stimulation to Determine the Population of Spinal Tract Fibers that Produce “Descending SCPs” 82
3.3 Effects of Double Shocks on “Descending SCPs” 85
3.4 Origins of Descending N and P Waves in Human SCPs 86
3.5 Spinal Tracts Producing N and P Waves 88
Chapter 4 Heterosegmental SCPs (HSPs) 91
4.1 The HSP in Humans 91
4.2 Fundamental Patterns of the HSP 92
4.3 Central Nuclei of the HSP 94
4.4 The Relationship Between WDR Neuron Activities and HSP 96
Chapter 5 Clinical Pharmacology 99
5.1 Introduction 99
5.2 Effects of Intravenous Anesthetics 100
5.3 Effects of Inhalation Anesthetics 107
5.4 Effects of Local Anesthetics 107
Section C Motor Evoked SCPs 112
Chapter 1 Transcranial Magnetically Evoked SCPs (TCM-Evoked SCPs) 113
1.1 Recording Techniques 113
1.2 Basic Patterns of TCM-Evoked SCPs 114
1.3 Effects of Intravenous Anesthetics 115
1.4 Effects of Inhalation Anesthetics 118
Chapter 2 Transcranial Electrically Evoked SCPs (TCE-Evoked SCPs) 120
2.1 Recording Techniques 120
2.2 TCE-Evoked SCPs in Animals and Human 126
2.3 TCE-Evoked Potentials from Muscle and TCE-Evoked SCPs 132
2.4 Effects of Intravenous and Inhalational Anesthetics 137
Section D Case Studies (Clinical Applications) 142
Chapter 1 Monitoring by SCPs During Surgical Operations 143
1.1 Spine Surgery: Scoliosis Surgery 143
1.2 Spinal Cord Surgery 146
1.3 Spinal Cord Hypothermia During Aortic Surgery 156
1.4 Spinal Cord Ischemia During Aortic Surgery 159
1.5 Cardiovascular Surgery 166
Chapter 2 Diagnosis by Spinal Cord Potentials of Spinal Diseases 180
2.1 Spinal Cord Potentials in Patients with ALS 181
2.2 Spinal Cord Potentials in Patients with Tabes Dorsalis 182
2.3 Spinal Cord Potentials in Patients with Spinal Tumors 183
References 186
Index 213