Poxviruses (eBook)

Contents 6
List of contributors 8
Preface 11
Glossary 13
Taxonomic structure of the Poxviridae family 17
Subfamily Chordopoxvirinae Genus Orthopoxvirus 17
Tentative species in the genus 17
Genus Parapoxvirus 17
Tentative species in the genus 17
Genus Avipoxvirus 17
Tentative species in the genus 18
Genus Capripoxvirus 18
Genus Leporipoxvirus 18
Genus Suipoxvirus 18
Genus Molluscipoxvirus 18
Tentative species in the genus 18
Genus Yatapoxvirus 18
Unassigned viruses in the subfamily 19
Subfamily Entomopoxvirinae Genus Alphaentomopoxvirus 19
Genus Betaentomopoxvirus 19
Genus Gammaentomopoxvirus 20
Unassigned viruses in the subfamily 20
Genus Orthopoxvirus: Vaccinia virus 21
Abstract 21
Introduction 21
The origin of VACV 22
Classification 22
Vaccination against smallpox with VACV 26
Attenuated VACV strains 27
VACV structure 28
VACV genome 29
The VACV replication cycle 31
Virus transcription 33
DNA replication 35
Morphogenesis 35
Transport and wrapping of IMV particles 39
Transport of IEV to the cell surface 40
Actin tail formation from the cell surface 40
Release of EEV 41
Phylogenetic comparisons of OPV genes 42
Vaccinia virus pathogenesis 45
References 46
Abstract 66
Taxonomy and history 66
Genus Orthopoxvirus: Variola virus 66
Epidemiology, disease, pathology 68
Disease 69
Pathogenesis and pathology 72
Genome 74
References 78
Genus Orthopoxvirus: Monkeypox virus 84
Abstract 84
Monkey monkeypox 84
Human monkeypox 1970–1986 85
Human monkeypox 1996/97 86
Monkeypox in the USA in 2003 86
Reservoir 87
Monkeypox virus genome 88
Monkeypox virus diagnosis and animal models 90
References 90
Genus Orthopoxvirus: Cowpox virus 93
Abstract 93
The history of cowpox virus 93
Geographic distribution and host range of cowpox virus 94
Cowpox virus infections 94
Diagnosis of cowpox virus 95
Evolution of cowpox virus 97
Cowpox virus heterogeneity 99
Cowpox virus as a model 100
References 101
Abstract 107
Introduction 107
Genus Molluscipoxvirus 107
Taxonomy 108
History 108
Disease: clinical aspects, diagnosis and treatment 109
Epidemiology 111
Pathology 113
Working with MCV – molecular biology 116
MCV plasmid clone library and previous limited MCV genome sequencing projects 117
Complete MCV genome sequence and phylogeny 118
References 123
Abstract 131
Introduction 131
Genus Yatapoxvirus 131
Discovery of yatapoxviruses 132
Epidemiology 133
Disease and pathogenesis 135
Virus structure 135
Genome structure and phylogenetic relationships 136
Replication cycle 136
Virus specific enzymes 137
DNA replication 137
Morphogenesis 138
Cell-to-cell spread 138
Immune modulation 139
Use as a recombinant vector 139
Future research topics 139
References 140
Abstract 144
Genus Parapoxvirus 144
Taxonomy 145
History of parapoxviruses 146
Epidemiology 147
Pathogenesis 148
Virion structure 150
Immune response to parapoxviruses 152
Molecular biology 154
Parapoxviruses and immune evasion 166
Parapoxviruses in immunotherapy and recombinant vaccines 169
References 170
Abstract 183
Viruses of the Capripoxvirus genus 183
Genus Capripoxvirus 183
History and epidemiology of capripoxvirus infections 185
Clinical signs and lesions 186
Diagnosis 190
Control 192
References 193
Abstract 198
Taxonomy and history 198
Genus Leporipoxvirus 198
Epidemiology, disease, pathology 202
Molecular biology: genomics and immune evasion 205
References 210
Abstract 217
Taxonomy 217
Genus Suipoxvirus 217
History 218
Epidemiology 218
Disease 219
Pathology 220
Pathogenesis 220
Genome 221
Molecular biology 224
References 225
Abstract 230
Introduction 230
Genus Avipoxvirus 230
Taxonomy and origins 232
Disease in production poultry 232
Disease control – vaccination and transmission control 233
Emergence of new strains 235
Disease in wild birds and in threatened avian species 236
Whole genome sequences 236
Relationships to poxviruses in general 239
FWPV and REV 239
Avipoxvirus vaccine vector technology 242
Construction technologies 244
Avipoxviruses for the recovery of other poxviruses from naked DNA 246
Reverse genetics of RNA viruses – T7 system 247
Poultry vaccines 247
Enhancing poultry vaccines based on rFWPV 249
Other veterinary vaccines delivered by recombinant avipoxviruses 249
Preclinical and clinical human vaccine trials 251
General conclusions 252
References 252
Abstract 265
Taxonomy and history 265
Subfamily Entomopoxvirinae 265
Genome size and organization 268
Pathology 269
Spheroids 272
Fusolin/spindles/enhancing factor 273
The molecular biology of entomopoxviruses 274
Summary 278
References 279
Abstract 284
Introduction 284
Immunomodulation by poxviruses 284
Secreted immunomodulators: shaping the immuno-environment 285
Type I interferons 285
Type II interferons 286
IL-1 287
IL-18 287
Tumor necrosis factors 288
Chemokines 289
Low-affinity CBPs 289
High-affinity CBPs 290
Chemokine homologs 290
Multiple cytokine binding proteins 291
Cytokine homologs 291
Anti-inflammatory serpins 292
Complement 292
Inhibition of intracellular signaling 293
Semaphorin 294
Inhibition of apoptosis 295
Caspase inhibition 296
Inhibition of apoptosis at the mitochondrial checkpoint 297
Other anti-apoptotic poxvirus proteins 297
Intracellular mechanisms of IFN inhibition 297
Conclusions 298
References 298
Abstract 308
Introduction 308
Immunomodulation by inactivated Orf virus (ORFV) – therapeutic potential 308
Immunomodulation by parapoxvirus ovis 309
Advantages of ORFV over existing cytokine monotherapies 314
Putative therapeutic options 316
References 316
Abstract 322
Introduction 322
Recombinant poxvirus vaccines in biomedical research 322
Generation of recombinant poxviruses 323
Prophylactic recombinant poxvirus vaccines 325
Therapeutic application of recombinant poxviruses 328
Outlook 329
References 330
Abstract 339
History of smallpox vaccination 339
Orthopoxvirus vaccines and vaccination 339
Vaccine-associated complications 341
Smallpox and immunity to natural infection and vaccination 343
Vaccines 351
References 353
Abstract 364
Introduction 364
Poxvirus diagnostics 364
Sample collection and handling 365
Morphological methods 366
Biological methods 369
Serological methods for antigen detection 370
DNA-based methods 372
Serological methods for antibody detection 377
References 380
Abstract 383
Introduction 383
Therapy of poxvirus infections 383
Compounds targeted at cellular enzymes 385
Compounds targeted at viral enzymes 389
Interferon 396
References 398
Abstract 404
Environmental resistance 404
Environmental resistance, disinfection, and sterilization of poxviruses 404
Disinfection 406
Sterilization 407
References 409
Abstract 413
Early disease management strategies in case of a smallpox outbreak 413
Introduction 414
Strategy 414
Preparation of medical countermeasures 422
Research on new vaccines 423
References 425
Abstract 428
Smallpox in the New World 428
Historic aspects and early smallpox management approaches in the New World 428
Cotton Mather 429
Dr. Zabdiel Boylston 431
The controversy 433
Reflection 436
References 437
Index 440