Perception and Illusion (eBook)

Preface 7
Contents 10
Recording Observations 14
THE PRACTICE OF PERCEPTION 17
Art 18
Color 24
Optics 27
GREEK SCIENCE AND PERCEPTION 28
The Ideal and the Observable 29
The Five Senses 30
The Introduction of Observation 33
The Introduction of Optics 35
The Introduction of Experiment 36
SUMMARY 38
Nature of Perceptual Error 41
COMPARISONS OF PERCEPTS 43
COMPARISONS WITH PHYSICS 44
COMPARISONS WITH PHYSIOLOGY 45
DISTAL AND PROXIMAL COMPARISONS 49
PHANTOMS 52
SUMMARY 60
Nature of Veridicality 61
NATURE OF LIGHT 62
Greek Optics 63
Medieval Optics 69
Early Modern Optics 70
NATURE OF SIGHT 72
Eye 74
Retina 78
Visual Pathways 79
Eye Glasses 80
SUMMARY 82
Perception in the Seventeenth and Eighteenth Centuries 84
IMPACT OF OPTICS 85
IMPACT OF ANATOMY 89
IMPACT OF PHYSIOLOGY 93
Accommodation 93
Optical Instruments 95
Accommodation and Age 97
SEPARATION OF THE SENSES 98
Muscle and Temperature Senses 99
Movement Sense 100
VERTIGO 103
EMERGENT PHILOSOPHIES 107
EMERGENT EMPIRICAL METHODS 113
Binocular Color Combination 114
Size Perception 115
Color 116
SUMMARY 117
The Instrumental Revolution in the Nineteenth Century 120
STIMULUS CONTROL THE IMPACT OF PHYSICS 121
Motion 123
Depth 127
Time 129
ANATOMY 131
Structure of the Retina 133
Pathways to the Brain 136
SPATIAL ILLUSIONS 137
Illusions and the Origins of Experimental Psychology 138
Motion Aftereffects 139
SUMMARY 142
The Response Revolution in the Nineteenth Century 144
PHENOMENOLOGY 145
PSYCHOPHYSICS 147
REACTION TIME 151
SENSORY-MOTOR INTERACTIONS 154
EYE MOVEMENTS 156
Nystagmus 157
Saccades 159
Fixations 162
Reading 163
SUMMARY 166
The Fragmentation of the Senses in the Nineteenth Century 169
METHODS OF STIMULATING THE SENSES 170
SPECIFYING THE SENSES 171
Muscle Sense 172
Temperature Sense 175
Movement Sense 177
Specific Nerve Energies 181
SUBJECTIVE PHENOMENA 183
OBJECTIVE CORRELATES 187
SUMMARY 190
The Twentieth Century—The Multiplication of Illusion 192
THE DEVELOPMENTAL DIMENSION 193
Infant Vision 194
Visual Development 195
THE NEW PHYSIOLOGY 196
Feature Detectors 197
Two Visual Pathways 198
THE INFORMATION REVOLUTION 199
THE MACHINE METAPHOR 200
THE NEW IMAGE 203
THE NEW VERIDICALITY 205
ILLUSIONS AND VERIDICALITY 206
SUMMARY 207
Conclusions 209
References 213
Name Index 234
Subject Index 240