Sustainable Energy Technologies (eBook)

Table of Contents 5
Preface 7
List of Contributors 9
Abbreviations and Acronyms 13
Common Abbreviations and Acronyms 13
Abbreviations for Measures 15
Introduction 16
Part I New and Sustainable Energy Conversion and Storage Technologies 23
World Thirst for Energy: How to Face the Challenge 24
1.1 Introductory Remarks 24
1.2 World Population Evolution 25
1.3 ExplicitWorld Energy Consumption 26
1.4 Short and Middle-Term Evolutions 33
1.5 Closing Remarks 42
1.6 Conclusion 43
Acknowledgements 43
References 44
Sustainability Concept for Energy, Water and Environment Systems 46
2.1 Introduction 46
2.2 Sustainability and Global Processes 48
2.3 Limits 51
2.4 Sustainability De.nitions 59
2.5 Sustainability Concept 60
2.6 Sustainability Measurement 61
2.7 Sustainability Index Definition 64
2.8 Conclusions 69
References 69
Efficient Production and Use of Energy: Novel Energy Rationing Technologies in Russia 71
3.1 Russian Power Engineering: Problems and Solutions 71
3.2 Higher Efficiency for Gas-Fueled Thermal Power Plants 76
3.3 Cogeneration 77
3.4 Coal Technologies 78
3.5 Renewable Energy Sources 82
3.6 New Types of Energy Sources 88
3.7 Methods of Efficient Use of Energy 90
3.8 Conclusions 92
References 93
Perspectives on Wind Energy 94
4.1 Introduction 94
4.2 Market and Cost Perspectives 96
4.3 Technology Development 100
4.4 Grid Integration 106
4.5 The Research Agenda 112
4.6 Conclusions 115
References 116
Photovoltaic Cells for Sustainable Energy 117
5.1 The Solar Energy Resource 117
5.2 Principles of Photovoltaic Solar Energy Conversion 118
5.3 Fundamentals of Solar Cell Operation 122
5.4 Materials and Performance of Solar Cells 123
5.5 High Efficiency Tandem Cells 128
5.6 Photo-Electrochemical Solar Cells 128
5.7 Balance of Plant 133
5.8 Conclusions 134
Acknowledgements 137
References 137
Photo-Electrochemical Production of Hydrogen 138
6.1 Introduction 138
6.2 Principle of Operation 140
6.3 Device Concepts 145
6.4 Materials for Photo-Anodes 151
6.5 Conclusions 155
Acknowledgements 156
References 156
Distributed Energy Generation, The Fuel Cell and Its Hybrid Systems 160
7.1 Introduction 160
7.2 Distributed Energy Generation 161
7.3 Hydrogen Production 162
7.4 Fuel Cells and Superior Features of SOFC 163
7.5 SOFC-MGT Hybrid System 167
7.6 Numerical Simulators of SOFC Single Unit and SOFC Module 169
7.7 Concluding Remarks 173
References 174
Current International Initiatives for Sustainable Nuclear Energy 176
8.1 Current Status of Nuclear Fission Energy Generation 176
8.2 Generation IV ( Revolutionary”) Nuclear Power Plants 181
8.3 The Euratom Coordination Action Sustainable Nuclear Fission Technology Platform ( Snf- Tp)”, Coordinated by CEA 185
8.4 Conclusions 191
References 192
Safety in Nuclear Power: A Proposal 194
9.1 Introduction 194
9.2 Design Objectives 196
9.3 Reactor Description 196
9.4 Main Innovative Safety Systems 198
9.5 New Approach to Construction 202
9.6 Containment Building 203
9.7 Plant Simplification 204
9.8 Conclusions 209
References 210
CO2 Emissions Mitigation from Power Generation Using Capture Technologies 211
10.1 Introduction 211
10.2 Flue Gas De-Carbonisation 213
10.3 Fuel Gas De-Carbonisation 215
10.4 Oxy-Fuel Combustion 216
10.5 Costs of Capture for the Different Options 217
10.6 Conclusions 219
References 219
Clean and Efficient Coal Technology Integrated with CO2 Sequestration and Hydrogen Energy Systems 222
11.1 Introduction 222
11.2 Viewpoint of Energy and Environmental Countermeasures 223
11.3 CO2 Recovery and Sequestration Technologies 224
11.4 Significance of Introducing Hydrogen Energy and Prospects for Technology Development 230
11.5 Enhancement of Energy Quality Using Hydrogen as an Energy Carrier 235
11.6 System Integration of Coal, Hydrogen and CO2 Sequestration 237
11.7 Concluding Remarks 239
References 239
Advanced Steam Generator Concepts for Oxy- Fuel Processes 241
12.1 Introduction 241
12.2 Classification of CO2 Capture Technologies 242
12.3 Oxy-Fuel Processes 243
12.4 Oxy-Fuel Steam Generator Concepts 244
12.5 Prospect 249
References 249
Part II Initiatives in South-East Europe 251
CO2 Mitigation Options for Retrofitting Greek Low-Quality Coal-Fired Power Plants 252
13.1 Introduction 252
13.2 Characteristics of the Existing Thermal Power Plants in Enlarged EU 253
13.3 Greek Lignite-Fired Power Plants 253
13.4 Retrofit of a Typical Greek Lignite-Fired Power Plant with CO2 Sequestration 254
13.5 Assessment of Electricity Production Cost for Various Technological Options 258
13.6 Conclusions 260
References 262
Renewable Energy Sources in Slovenia: Facts and Plans 264
14.1 Introduction 264
14.2 RES in Primary Energy Balance 266
14.3 Electricity from RES 266
14.4 Biofuels 268
14.5 RES Heating and Cooling 270
14.6 Conclusion 271
Acknowledgement 272
References 272
EnergyWood Chains in Bulgaria 273
15.1 Introduction 273
15.2 Energy Wood Production Chains 274
15.3 Wood Production Chains 281
15.4 Production of Pellets and Briquettes 289
15.5 Biomass Present Utilisation 291
15.6 Conclusion 292
References 292
Energy Efficiency in Serbia: Research and Development Activities 293
16.1 Present Status of Energy Sector in Serbia 293
16.2 Energy Efficiency – Specific Energy Consumption in Serbia 298
16.3 National Energy Efficiency Programme 302
16.4 Activity of the NEEP in the Period 2002–2005 308
16.5 Conclusions 312
References 313
Energy Sector in Macedonia: Current Status and Plans 314
17.1 Background 314
17.2 Energy Supply 316
17.3 National Energy Resources and Perspectives on Its Utilisation 319
17.4 Indicators for Energy Consumption and Energy Balance in Macedonia [ 16] 328
17.5 Background of the National Energy Policy, Legislation and Programmes 329
17.6 Conclusions 330
References 331
Energy Sector in Bosnia and Herzegovina: Current Status and Plans 332
18.1 Introduction 332
18.2 Status of the Energy Sector 333
18.3 Energy Infrastructure, Production and Consumption 334
18.4 Plans for Electricity Generation, Future Network Interconnections, Gas and Oil Exchanges 337
18.5 Conclusions 340
Index 341