Drug Testing in Alternate Biological Specimens (eBook)

Foreword 8
Preface 11
Contents 12
Contributors 18
1 Specimens of Maternal Origin: Amniotic Fluid and Breast Milk 19
1. Introduction 19
2. Amniotic Fluid 24
3. Breast Milk 29
4. Interpretation 33
References 34
2 Drugs-of-Abuse in Meconium Specimens 37
1. Introduction 37
2. Composition of Meconium 39
3. Deposition of Drugs in the Fetus 39
4. Sample Preparation and Instrumental Testing Methodologies 40
5. Interpretation Issues 51
6. Advantages of Meconium Analysis 52
7. Disadvantages of Meconium Analysis 52
8. Summary 54
References 54
3 Drugs-of-Abuse in Nails 60
1. Introduction 60
2. Structure of Nails 61
3. Drug Incorporation 64
4. Drugs Detected 66
5. Sample Preparation and Analyses 77
6. Interpretation 78
7. Advantages and Disadvantages 79
References 80
4 Drug Testing in Hair 83
1. Introduction 84
2. Hair Composition 84
3. Drug Incorporation 85
4. Specimen Collection and Preparation 86
5. Advantages and Disadvantages 89
6. Conclusion 94
References 95
5 Drugs-of-Abuse Testing in Saliva or Oral Fluid 98
1. Introduction 98
2. Composition of Saliva 99
3. Sample Collection 100
4. Sample Preparation and Testing Procedures 102
5. Drugs Detected in Saliva/Oral Fluid 105
6. Interpretation Issues 107
7. Advantages and Disadvantages as a Drug Testing Matrix 108
8. Future Developments 109
References 110
5 The Detection of Drugs in Sweat 115
1. Introduction 115
2. Composition of the Skin 116
3. The Collection of Sweat 117
4. The Detection of Drugs in Sweat 120
5. Specimen Testing 121
6. Interpretation of Results 126
7. Advantages and Disadvantages 128
References 128
7 Drugs-of-Abuse Testing in Vitreous Humor 131
1. Structure of the Eye 131
2. Vitreous Humor Composition 132
3. Movement of Substances into and from Vitreous Humor 133
4. Specimen Collection 133
5. Drug Analysis in Vitreous Humor 134
6. Case Reports and Interpretation of Results 134
7. Advantages and Disadvantages 141
References 142
8 Drugs in Bone and Bone Marrow 145
1. Introduction 145
2. Physiology and Structure 145
3. Treatment of Bone and Bone Marrow for Analysis 146
4. Drug Detection 147
5. Skeletonized Remains 148
6. Teeth 149
7. Advantages and Disadvantages 149
References 150
9 Drugs-of-Abuse in Liver 152
1. Introduction 152
2. The Liver 153
3. Kinetics of Drug Uptake and Distribution 154
4. Analysis of Drugs in the Liver 156
5. Interpretation 158
6. Advantages and Disadvantages 165
References 165
10 Drugs-of-Abuse Testing in Brain 170
1. Structure and Composition of the Human Brain 170
2. Kinetics of Drug Transfer 172
3. Sample Preparation Procedures and Instrument Testing Methodologies 174
4. Drugs Detected in Brain 178
5. Interpretational Issues 178
6. Advantages and Disadvantages of Brain as a Drug- Testing Matrix 186
References 189
Index 194