Arthropod Diversity and Conservation (eBook)

Contents 6
Introduction 10
Topics in Biodiversity and Conservation: Arthropod diversity and conservation 10
Arthropod diversity in Lama forest reserve ( South Benin), a mosaic of natural, degraded and plantation forests 12
Introduction 12
Materials and methods 14
Results 20
Discussion 23
Conclusion 28
Acknowledgements 28
References 29
Ecosystem disturbances and diversity increase: implications for invertebrate conservation 34
Introduction 34
Methods 36
Results 37
Discussion 44
Recommendations 47
Acknowledgments 49
References 50
Effects of landscape elements on the distribution of the rare bumblebee species Bombus muscorum in an agricultural landscape 52
Introduction 52
Methods 53
Results 57
Discussion 58
Acknowledgements 60
References 61
How ant nests increase soil biota richness and abundance: a field experiment 64
Introduction 64
Methods 65
Results 69
Discussion 73
Acknowledgments 75
References 75
Host specificity, alpha- and beta-diversity of phytophagous beetles in two tropical forests in Panama 78
Introduction 78
Methods 80
Results 85
Discussion 91
Acknowledgements 96
References 97
Vertical and temporal patterns of biodiversity of fruitfeeding butterflies in a tropical forest in Uganda 102
Introduction 102
Material and methods 105
Results 107
Discussion 109
Acknowledgements 111
Appendix 1 111
References 113
Associations between weevils (Coleoptera: Curculionidea) and plants, and conservation values in two tussock grasslands, Otago, New Zealand 118
Introduction 118
Methods 120
Results 121
Discussion 126
Conclusion 129
Acknowledgements 130
References 130
Effects of management intensity and season on arboreal ant diversity and abundance in coffee agroecosystems 134
Introduction 134
Methods 135
Results 138
Discussion 142
Acknowledgements 145
References 148
Influence of habitat fragmentation on the genetic variability in leaf litter ant populations in tropical rainforests of Sabah, Borneo 152
Introduction 152
Materials and methods 154
Results 159
Discussion 162
Acknowledgements 166
References 166
Comparing relative model fit of several species- accumulation functions to local Papilionoidea and Hesperioidea butterfly inventories of Mediterranean habitats 172
Introduction 172
Methods 174
Results 177
Discussion 181
Acknowledgements 183
References 183
The habitat requirement of the Genji-firefly Luciola cruciata (Coleoptera : Lampyridae), a representative endemic species of Japanese rural landscapes 186
Introduction 186
Material and methods 188
Results 191
Discussion 194
Acknowledgements 196
References 197
Diversity of Chrysomelidae (Coleoptera) in Galicia, Northwest Spain: estimating the completeness of the regional inventory 200
Introduction 200
Materials and methods 202
Results 204
Discussion 206
Acknowledgements 207
Appendix A 208
References 222
Topographic heterogeneity plays a crucial role for grasshopper diversity in a southern African megabiodiversity hotspot 226
Introduction 226
Methods 227
Results 229
Discussion 235
Conclusion 237
Acknowledgements 237
References 238
Landscape effects on the genetic structure of the ground beetle Poecilus versicolor STURM 1824 240
Introduction 240
Material and methods 242
Results 247
Discussion 249
Acknowledgements 252
References 252
The response of ground beetles (Coleoptera: Carabidae) to selection cutting in a South Carolina bottomland hardwood forest 256
Introduction 256
Materials and methods 257
Results 259
Discussion 263
Acknowledgements 267
References 267
Factors influencing bug diversity (Insecta: Heteroptera) in semi- natural habitats 270
Introduction 270
Material and methods 272
Results 275
Discussion 280
Acknowledgements 286
References 286
Insect colonisation of fruiting bodies of the wood-decaying fungus Fomitopsis pinicola at different distances from an old-growth forest 290
Introduction 290
Methods 292
Results 294
Discussion 296
Acknowledgements 302
References 302
Dragonfly assemblages in arid tropical environments: a case study from western Namibia 306
Introduction 306
Materials and methods 307
Results 313
Discussion 316
Acknowledgements 322
Appendix 322
References 325
Richness, abundance, and complementarity of fruit- feeding butterfly species in relict sacred forests and forest reserves of Ghana 328
Introduction 328
Methods 330
Results 335
Discussion 342
Conclusions 347
Acknowledgements 348
References 351
Ecological impact assessment of the Aznalco´ llar mine toxic spill on edaphic coleopteran communities in the Guadiamar River basin (Southern Iberian Peninsula) 356
Introduction 356
Study area 357
Materials and methods 358
Results 361
Discussion 367
Conclusions 369
Appendix 1 370
Appendix 2 373
References 376
Diversity of the scuttle fly (Diptera: Phoridae) communities in the plantations of moist pine forests of the Bialowieza Primeval Forest and the Tuchola Forest ( Poland) 380
Introduction 380
Materials and methods 381
Results 382
Discussion 384
Acknowledgements 387
References 387
Spatial distribution of ground beetles (Coleoptera: Carabidae) and moths ( Lepidoptera) in the Mrtvy ´luh bog, Sumava Mts ( Central Europe): a test of habitat island community 390
Introduction 390
Material and methods 391
Results 397
Discussion 399
Acknowledgements 401
Appendix 401
References 403
Surrogate habitats demonstrate the invasion potential of the African pugnacious ant 406
Introduction 406
Site and methods 408
Results 411
Discussion 420
Acknowledgements 421
References 421
Impacts of catastrophic earthquakes on the insect communities in estuarine mangroves, northern Taiwan 424
Introduction 424
Materials and methods 425
Results 427
Discussion 429
Acknowledgements 435
References 435
Countryside Stewardship Scheme and butterflies: a study of plant and butterfly species richness 438
Introduction 438
Materials and methods 439
Results 442
Dominant 443
Abundant 443
Discussion 444
References 445
Habitat specificity and variation of coleopteran assemblages between habitats in a Southern African ( Swaziland) agricultural landscape 448
Introduction 448
Materials and methods 449
Results 450
Discussion 455
References 457
Effects of habitat disturbance can be subtle yet significant: biodiversity of hawkmoth- assemblages ( Lepidoptera: Sphingidae) in Southeast- Asia 460
Introduction 460
Methods 462
Results 464
Discussion 470
Acknowledgements 476
References 477
The importance of ants and high-shade management to coffee pollination and fruit weight in Chiapas, Mexico 482
Introduction 482
Methods 484
Results 486
Discussion 487
Conclusion 492
Acknowledgements 492
References 493
Sampling to assess a re-established Appalachian forest in Ohio based on gelechioid moths ( Lepidoptera: Gelechioidea) 498
Introduction 498
Materials and methods 500
Results 502
Discussion 503
Conclusions 507
Acknowledgements 508
Appendix 508
References 509
Diversity patterns of Bornean butterfly assemblages 512
Introduction 512
Material and methods 514
Results 517
Discussion 526
Acknowledgements 531
References 531

Ecosystem disturbances and diversity increase: implications for invertebrate conservation (p. 25)

RAFAEL DIAS LOYOLA, SOFIA-LUIZA BRITO and RODRIGO LOPES FERREIRAKey words: Conservation, Diversity, Ecosystem disturbances, Management, Neotropics, Pantanal, Soil Arthropods

Abstract.
The Pantanal is one of the faunistic provinces considered as a priority area for invertebrate conservation. However, it is one of the areas in Brazil where the local fauna is less assessed, thus needing more scienti.c information that could allow political decisions to be made regarding conservation. The continuous pressure for new pasture areas leads to improper habitat occupation and destruction, like fragmentation of forest areas in the region. Such alterations can cause di.erent impacts on the local fauna, including the soil arthropods.

The main objective of this work was to compare the morphospecies composition, diversity and density of the soil arthropod fauna between a secondary single species forest (Cambarazal) and a cultivated pasture with exotic and native grass species, using only pitfall traps as sampling method. We found a great variation on the vegetal cover among environments.

A higher humidity in the forest soil was observed, as well as a greater compaction of the soil in the cultivated pasture. A total of 3635 individuals were collected, belonging to 214 different morphospecies. 139 morphospecies were collected in the forest (37% exclusive to this environment), while 134 morphospecies were collected in the cultivated pasture (35% exclusive). The diversity was higher in the forest (H¢ = 1.634) than in the cultivated pasture (H¢ = 1.253).

However, considering the area as a whole (forest and pasture) the global diversity was increased. In this paper we discuss about the effects of environmental changes on soil arthropod diversity and propose a hypothetical model for invertebrate management in mosaic ecosystems.

Introduction
The Pantanal is a vast area dominated by a complex of .ora and fauna often called the Pantanal Complex (Rizzini 1997). The whole area is strongly influenced by the rain regime that generates tidal cycles and the resulting floods deposit nutrients through the silt deposits and organic detritus suspended in the water. On top of some higher formations, called ‘cordilheiras’, there are fields and forests never flooded before.

In areas where the water runs relatively faster there are huge fields with the dominance of grass that are mainly used by the many cattle farms in the region. These fields are the native pastures. There is a dominancy of vegetal species in some areas, creating vast conglomerations as the ‘Paratudal’, a grouping of Paratudo (Tabebuia aurea), and the ‘Cambarazal’, a grouping of Cambara´ (Vochysia divergens) (Rizzini 1997).

Nowadays, the native pastures are very important to the economy of the Brazilian mid-west region, especially in the Cerrado areas. Native pastures occupy around 39% of this environment area, which support a livestock of 66 million individuals or almost 40% of the national livestock (Filgueiras and Wechsler 1992). It is expected that these numbers could increase to 210 million by 2010 (Meirelles 1996).