Astrophysics Update 2 (eBook)

Editor’s Preface 5
List of Contributors 9
Contents 11
1 Chemistry of Low Mass Substellar Objects 14
1.1 Introduction 14
1.2 Classi.cation Schemes 16
1.3 Effective Temperatures along the L and T Dwarf Sequence 19
1.4 The Case for Condensate Cloud Layers 20
1.5 Chemistry of Selected Elements 22
1.6 Kinetics 31
1.7 Summary: A Chemical Temperature Scale 34
References 37
2 Neutron Star Structure and Fundamental Physics 42
2.1 Introduction 42
2.2 Neutron Star Interiors: Fundamental Physics 46
2.3 An Overview of Recent Observational Advances 47
2.4 Constraints from Fast X-ray Timing 53
2.5 Constraints from High Resolution X-ray Spectroscopy 60
2.6 Future Prospects 61
References 63
3 Six Years of Chandra Observations of Supernova Remnants 68
3.1 Introduction 68
3.2 The Point Sources in Supernova Remnants 70
3.3 Basic View of the Debris and Gaseous Parts of Remnants 101
3.4 Studying Ejecta in Supernova Remnants with Chandra 102
3.5 Shock Properties 116
3.6 Acknowledgements 119
References 119
4 Galaxy Collisions – Dawn of a New Era 127
4.1 Introduction: Some Past Highlights and Current Issues 127
4.2 Induced Star Formation and Winds 134
4.3 Environmental E.ects 150
4.4 Interactions and Galaxy Evolution 154
4.5 Archaeology 159
4.6 Coming Attractions 160
4.7 Acknowledgements 162
References 162
5 Formation and Evolution of Supermassive Black Holes 171
5.1 Introduction 171
5.2 BH Growth 173
5.3 Interpretation of the Mbh . s Relation 182
5.4 Stellar Cusps and Cores and Binary Black Holes 191
5.5 History of Accretion onto SMBH: X-ray Constraints 195
5.6 Conclusion 196
References 199
6 Quasars and Their Host Galaxies 206
6.1 Introduction 206
6.2 New Surveys for Quasars 208
6.3 Black Hole Masses and their Implications 208
6.4 Radio-loudness of Quasars 209
6.5 Clustering of Quasars 211
6.6 High-z Quasars and Reionization 211
6.7 Broad Absorption Line Quasars 212
6.8 Finding the Obscured Quasar Population 212
6.9 Quasar Host Qalaxy Studies 213
6.10 Open Questions 217
References 219
7 Applications of Gravitational Lensing in Cosmology 223
7.1 Introduction 223
7.2 Basic Principles of Gravitational Lensing 225
7.3 Structure and Contents of Galaxies 234
7.4 Galaxy Clusters 242
7.5 Large-scale Structures 252
7.6 Summary 258
References 260
8 The Oldest Stars 267
8.1 Introduction 267
8.2 Low-Metallicity Stars 269
8.3 Ongoing Surveys for Metal-Poor Stars, and the Nature of the Halo Metallicity Distribution Function 270
8.4 Recent Results from High-Resolution Spectroscopic Follow- Up 275
8.5 Next Generation Surveys for Low-Metallicity Stars 285
References 289
9 Ultraluminous Infrared Galaxies 294
9.1 Introduction 294
9.2 The Discovery of ULIRGs 298
9.3 The Physics of Local ULIRGs 300
9.4 The Emerging Picture of ULIRGs: Local Universe 317
9.5 ULIRGs at High Redshift 320
9.6 ULIRGs and Large-Scale Structure 329
9.7 Open Questions and New Directions 332
References 336
10 The Role of Galactic Winds in Galaxy Formation 346
10.1 The Astrophysics of Galaxy Formation 346
10.2 Basic Feedback Physics 348
10.3 Measured Properties of Galactic Out.ows 351
10.4 Constraints and Challenges for Dynamical Models 358
10.5 Cosmological Impact of Galactic Winds 362
10.6 Summary and Future Direction 368
References 369
11 Astronomy with Extremely Large Telescopes 372
11.1 Introduction 372
11.2 Extremely Large Telescopes 375
11.3 Some Science Drivers for a 50m to 100m ELT 381
11.4 Science with ELTs up to 30m 391
11.5 Complementing Other Facilities 394
11.6 Conclusion 396
References 396
Index 400