Growth, Differentiation and Sexuality (eBook)

Series Preface 7
Addendum to the Series Preface 10
Volume Preface to the First Edition 11
Volume Preface to the Second Edition 13
Contents 15
List of Contributors 17
Vegetative Processes and Growth 20
1 Morphogenesis: Control of Cell Types and Shape 21
I. Introduction Cell Types and Cell Shapes: a Diverse Array of Form 21
II. Polarity 21
III. Septation 35
IV. Conclusions 35
References 35
2 Organelle Inheritance in Yeasts and Other Fungi 39
I. Introduction 39
II. Cytoskeletal Organization and Function in Organelle Movement and Inheritance 40
III. Nuclear Migration in Fungi 42
IV. Organelle-Speci.c Inheritance in Fungi 43
V. Conclusions 50
References 50
3 Mitosis in Filamentous Fungi 55
I. Introduction 55
II. Fungal Mitosis 55
III. Regulation of Mitotic Entry 57
IV. Regulation of Mitotic Exit 59
V. Mitotic and Post-Mitotic Functions of Motor Proteins 61
VI. Coordination of Mitotic Events in a Multinucleate Hyphal Cell 62
VII. Coordination of Mitosis with Branch Formation 63
VIII. Regulation of Mitosis in Response to DNA Damage and Replication Stress 63
IX. Regulation of Mitosis in Response to Spindle Damage 65
X. Future Challenges 65
References 66
4 ApicalWallBiogenesis 70
I. Introduction 70
II. General Overview of Apical Growth 70
III. Chemical Composition of Fungal Walls 72
IV. Biosynthesis of Fungal Walls 73
V. Wall Modi.cations During Wall Expansion 77
VI. Apical Gradient in Wall Synthesis 79
VII. Passage of Proteins Through the Hyphal Wall 81
VIII. Conclusion 83
References 84
5 The Fungal Cell Wall 90
I. Introduction 90
II. Cell Wall: Composition and Organisation 91
III. Polysaccharide Biosynthesis 97
IV. Polysaccharide Remodelling 104
V. Cell Wall Biosynthesis, Environmental Stress and Signal Transduction Pathways 106
VI. Perspectives 111
References 112
6 Septation and Cytokinesis in Fungi 122
I. Introduction 122
II. Selecting Sites of Septation 123
III. Protein Complexes at Septal Sites 127
IV. Dynamic Contraction of the Acto- Myosin Ring and Chitin Synthesis Lead to Septum Formation 130
V. Coordination of the End of Mitosis with Cytokinesis 133
VI. Conclusions 133
References 134
7 Re-Wiring the Network: Understanding the Mechanism and Function of Anastomosis in Filamentous Ascomycete Fungi 139
I. Introduction 139
II. Germling Fusion 141
III. Hyphal Fusion 141
IV. Mechanistic Aspects of Anastomosis 142
V. Anastomosis Mutants in Filamentous Fungi of Unknown Function 149
VI. Physiological and Morphogenetic Consequences of Anastomosis 150
VII. Conclusion 151
References 151
8 Heterogenic Incompatibility in Fungi 156
I. Introduction 156
II. Barrage Formation 157
III. Heterogenic Incompatibility in 159
the Ascomycete 159
IV. Further Examples of Heterogenic Incompatibility 162
V. Correlations with Heterogenic Incompatibility in Plants and Animals, with DNA Restriction in Bacteria and with Histo- Incompatibility 172
VI. Conclusions 173
References 174
9 Programmed Cell Death in Fungi 181
I. Introduction 181
II. Do Fungi Have Apoptosis, the Type I Programmed Cell Death? 182
III. Heterokaryon Incompatibility 186
IV. Ubiquitin-Proteasome System and Apoptosis 186
V. Mitochondria, Oxidative Stress, and Regulation of Apoptosis 187
VI. Autophagy and the Type II Programmed Cell Death 192
VII. Meiotic Apoptosis 194
VIII. Conclusion 196
References 196
10 Senescence and Longevity 202
I. Introduction 202
II. Senescence Syndrome in 202
III. Concluding Remarks 209
References 210
Signals in Growth and Development 214
11 Autoregulatory Signals in Mycelial Fungi 215
I. Introduction 215
II. Germination 216
III. Colony Morphogenesis 217
IV. Asexual Development 219
V. Sexual Development 220
VI. Dimorphism 222
VII. Conclusions 222
References 223
12 Pheromone Action in the Fungal Groups Chytridiomycota, and Zygomycota, and in the Oomycota 226
I. Introduction 226
II. Recognition and Development 226
III. Conclusions 238
References 239
13 Photomorphogenesis and Gravitropism in Fungi 243
I. Introduction 243
II. Photomorphogenesis 243
III. Gravitropism 255
IV. Conclusions 262
References 262
Reproductive Processes 270
14 Asexual Sporulation in Mycelial Fungi 271
I. Introduction II. Spore Formation 271
III. Endogenous and Environmental Factors Trigger Spore Formation 274
IV. Genetics of Asexual Spore Formation 276
V. Concluding Remarks 292
References 293
15 Mating-Type Structure, Evolution, and Function in Euascomycetes 301
I. Introduction 301
II. Sexual Development in Mycelial Euascomycetes 302
III. Description of Mating- Type Structure 303
IV. Evolution of Mating Types 319
V. Functions of Mating-Type Genes 323
VI. Conclusion 328
References 328
16 Fruiting-Body Development in Ascomycetes 332
I. Introduction 332
II. Physiological Factors In.uencing Fruiting- Body Development 340
III. Signal Transduction Cascades 346
IV. Structural Components Involved in Fruiting- Body Development 352
V. Conclusions 355
References 355
17 The Mating Type Genes of the Basidiomycetes 363
I. Introduction 363
II. Molecular Analysis of Mating Type Genes 368
III. Downstream Regulation of Development 375
IV. Concluding Remarks 376
References 377
18 Regulatory and Structural Networks Orchestrating Mating, 381
Dimorphism, Cell Shape, and Pathogenesis in 381
19 The Emergence of Fruiting Bodies in Basidiomycetes 398
I. Introduction 398
II. Development of Emergent Structures 399
III. Regulation of Fruiting-Body Formation 401
IV. Proteins Involved in Fruiting 407
V. Conclusions 412
References 413
20 Meiosis in Mycelial Fungi 420
I. Introduction 420
II. Entering Meiosis: Mycelial Fungi Devote Signi . cant Resources to Make Sure that the Two Nuclei that Will Fuse Before Entering Meiosis Have Identical Genomes 421
III. Meiotic Recombination 424
IV. Homologue Recognition and Pairing 427
V. The Synaptonemal Complex and Synapsis 430
VI. Meiotic Chromosome Segregation or how to Resolve Sister- Chromatid Cohesion in Two Steps 433
VII. From Meiosis to Sporulation 435
VIII. Concluding Remarks 436
References 437
I. Introduction 381
II. Signalling Networks 382
III. Transcriptional Cascades for Pathogenic Development 387
IV. Small GTPase Networks for Cytokinesis and Dimorphism 389
V. Cytoskeletal Networks for Morphology 391
VI. Concluding Remarks 393
References 393
Biosystematic Index 444
Subject Index 448