Planetary Nebulae Beyond the Milky Way (eBook)

Preface 5
Contents 7
List of Participants 13
Part I Historical Overview 16
Planetary Nebulae Beyond the Milky Way – Historical Overview 17
1 Introduction 17
2 Surveys for Extragalactic Planetary Nebulae 17
3 Planetary Nebulae in the Intracluster Regions 21
of Galaxy Clusters 21
4 Observations of Magellanic Cloud Planetary Nebulae 22
References 28
Part II Planetary Nebula Surveys 29
Surveys for Planetary Nebulae in the Magellanic Clouds 30
1 Motivation for Surveying the Clouds 30
2 Survey Techniques 31
3 Challenges to Surveys in the Clouds 33
4 Estimated Number of PN in the Clouds 35
5 The PNLF De.cit 39
6 Astrophysical Questions for PN Enthusiasts 39
Acknowledgements 40
References 41
H-alpha Stacked Images Reveal Large Numbers of PNe in the LMC 43
1 Background 43
2 Detection Technique 45
3 Identi.cation of New Candidate LMC Emission 45
Sources 45
4 Future Plans 47
5 Conclusion 48
References 48
The Census of Planetary Nebulae in the Local Group 49
1 An Overview of the Local Group 49
2 Imaging Searches for PNe in the LG 50
3 Discussion 52
4 Perspectives 56
References 57
Planetary Nebulae in the Outer Disk and Halo of M31 59
1 Introduction 59
2 Search for PNe Candidates in SDSS M31 Data 59
Acknowledgments 60
References 60
Deep PN Surveys Beyond the Local Group 62
1 Introduction: Motivations for Deep PN Surveys 62
Beyond the Local Group 62
2 HowToFindthePNs 63
3 Contamination of the PN Samples 64
4 Searching for PNs in Regions 65
of Recent Massive Star Formation 65
5 Deep Spectroscopy of PNs 65
in the Elliptical Galaxy NGC 4697 65
6 The Shape of the PN Luminosity Function 69
References 71
Planetary Nebulae in NGC 5128 (Centaurus A) 72
1 Introduction 72
2 PN Surveys 72
3 Mass Estimates 74
4 The Two-Dimensional Velocity Field 74
5 PNe as Stellar Populations 76
6 Conclusions 77
References 78
Extragalactic Planetary Nebula: Methods of Discovery Using Infrared Photometry 80
1 Introduction 80
2 IRAS Colours 80
3 Near-Infrared JHK Colours 81
4 MSX Colours 81
5 2MASS Colours 82
6 Application to Extragalactic PNe 83
References 84
Proposed Nomenclature for Extragalactic Planetary Nebulae 85
1 Introduction 85
2 Existing Structures and Conventions 85
3 What’s in a Name? 86
4 Problems and Issues 86
5 Conclusions 87
Acknowledgements 87
References 88
Part III The Planetary Nebula Luminosity Function 89
The Planetary Nebula Luminosity Function 90
1 Introduction 90
2 The PN Luminosity Function as a Distance Indicator 90
3 Tests of the Technique 93
4 The Physics of the Luminosity Function 97
5 The Future 100
References 100
The PNLF Distance to the Sculptor Group Galaxy NGC 55 102
1 NGC55 102
2 Observations 102
3 Data Reduction and Results 103
4 The PNLF Distance 104
5 Conclusions 105
References 105
Part IV PN Stellar Progenitors 107
Mass Loss At the Tip of the AGB: Essentials for Population Synthesis 108
1 Introduction 108
2 Mass Loss Modelling 109
3 Identifying the Stars That Are Dying Now 111
4 Extrapolating to Lower Metallicity 112
5 Why the Core Mass – Luminosity Relations 113
Must Be Wrong 113
6 Conclusions 114
Acknowledgements 115
References 115
AGB Stars in the Local Group, and Beyond 117
1 Introduction 117
2 Optical Narrow-Band Imaging 117
3 Near-Infrared Results 122
4 Variability 124
5 Discussion 126
6 Conclusion 127
Acknowledgements 128
References 128
Abundance Gradients in Local Group Galaxies Using Asymptotic Giant Branch Stars 130
1 Introduction 130
2 [Fe/H] Abundance 130
3 Other Abundances 133
References 134
Red Giant Stars in NGC 5128 135
1 Introduction and Observations 135
2 RGB and AGB in Color-Magnitude Diagrams 135
3 AGB Variable Stars 137
4 Are There Carbon Stars? 138
References 139
Molecules in the AGB Stars of Nearby Galaxies 140
1 Introduction 140
2 Observations and Discussions 140
3 Conclusions 144
References 144
Clues on Post-Asymptotic Giant Branch Evolution and Planetary Nebulae Populations from the Magellanic Clouds 145
1 Introduction 145
2 Planetary Nebula Morphology 146
3 Results from UV Spectroscopy 147
4 Stellar Evolution Beyond the AGB 150
and the Transition Time 150
5 The Planetary Nebula Luminosity Function 152
6 Finale 154
References 155
Central Stars of Planetary Nebulae in the Magellanic Clouds 156
1 Introduction 156
2 Unresolved Observational Studies of CSs in the MCs 157
3 Resolved Studies: 158
Observations 158
4 CSs with Wolf-Rayet Nuclei 163
5 Summary 164
References 165
Stellar Winds of Central Stars of the LMC PNe 168
1 Introduction 168
2 Observations and Analysis 168
3 Results 169
References 169
Parameters of PNe: Constant Density versus Density Distribution 170
1 Introduction 170
2 Observations and Models 170
3 Results 171
4 Conclusions 174
References 174
Part V Physical Conditions of PNe 175
Plasma Diagnostics and Elemental Abundance Determinations for PNe – Current Status 176
1 Overview 176
2 Recombination and Collisional Excitation 177
3 Observations of ORLs 178
4 Abundances Deduced from ORLs and CELs 179
5 Temperature, Density and Abundance Inhomogeneities 182
6 Origins of the Ultra-Cold H-De.cient Plasmas 186
References 188
Probing Nebular Physical Conditions Using the Hydrogen Recombination Spectrum 190
A Reexamination of Electron Density Diagnostics for Ionized Gaseous Nebulae 191
1 Introduction 191
2 Observations and Results 191
3 Discussion 192
References 195
Probing the Nebular Thermal Structure Using the He i Recombination Spectrum and Evidence Against Temperature Fluctuations and Density Inhomogeneities 197
1 Introduction 197
2 Method 197
3 Results and Discussion 198
References 198
Chemically Inhomogeneous Photoionization Modelling of the Planetary Nebula SMC N87 199
References 200
An Optical Recombination Line Abundance Survey for Galactic Bulge Planetary Nebulae 201
References 202
MOCASSIN: 3D Photoionisation and Dust Radiative Transfer Modelling of PNe 203
1 Introduction 203
2 Benchmarking Tests 203
References 205
C III] Imagery of Planetary Nebulae and Extragalactic H II Regions 206
1 Introduction and Poster Access 206
2 The Planetary Nebula NGC 6210 206
3 The Planetary Nebula NGC 7662 207
4 C III] in H II Regions 207
CRIRES and VISIR, ESO’s Latest Tools for Infrared Studies of PNe beyond the Milky Way 208
1 Introduction 208
2 The VISIR Instrument, Results from Commissioning 209
3 Description and Status of CRIRES 210
4 High Spectral Resolution in the IR for Proto-PNe 211
5 Conclusions 212
References 212
Part VI PNe as Chemical Probes of Galaxies 213
Chemical Composition of Planetary Nebulae: The Galaxy and the Magellanic Clouds 214
1 Introduction 214
2 The Data 215
3 Distance-Independent Correlations 215
4 Final Remarks 217
References 219
Planetary Nebulae in the Sagittarius Dwarf Spheroidal Galaxy 220
1 The Three PN 220
2 Discussion 220
References 221
What PNe Could Tell About Extinction Inside External Galaxies 222
Acknowledgement 223
References 224
Planetary Nebulae as Probes of the Chemical Evolution of Dynamically Hot Systems 225
1 Introduction 225
2 Spectroscopy of Extragalactic Planetary Nebulae 226
3 Interpreting the Chemical Abundances 228
in Bright Planetary Nebulae 228
4 The Chemical Evolution of DHSs 231
5 Conclusions 235
References 235
A Study of Chemical Abundances of Planetary Nebulae in M33 237
1 Introduction 237
2 The Model 237
3 Results 237
References 238
The Inner Abundance Gradient of M33 from Bright Planetary Nebulae 239
1 Introduction 239
2 What is Wrong with Abundance Determinations 240
in Metal-Rich HII Regions? 240
3 The Advantage of Using Extragalactic 240
Planetary Nebulae 240
4 Our Observations of Planetary Nebulae in M33 241
References 243
Crowded Field 3D Spectrophotometry of Extragalactic Planetary Nebulae 244
1 Introduction 244
2 3D Spectrophotometry 245
3 Recent Results 246
4 Outlook 247
Acknowledgements 248
References 248
Extragalactic PNe Observed with 3D Spectroscopy 249
1 Introduction 249
2 3D Spectroscopy in Brief 249
3 Observations of Point Sources 249
4 OurM31PNe 251
References 251
Spectroscopy of Planetary Nebulae in Sextans A and Sextans B 252
1 The Galaxies: Sextans A and Sextans B 252
2 Observations and Data Reduction 253
3 Chemical Abundances of Planetary Nebulae 253
4 The Metallicity-Luminosity Relation using PNe 255
References 256
Local Group Census: The Dwarf Irregular Galaxy NGC6822 257
1 NGC6822 257
2 Spatial Distribution 257
3 Planetary Nebula Luminosity Function 258
4 Spectroscopy – Abundances 259
5 Perspectives 261
References 261
Spectroscopy of PNe in Sextans A, Sextans B, NGC 3109 and Fornax 262
1 Introduction 262
2 Observations and Reduction 263
3 PN Abundances vs. HII Region Abundances 263
4 SextansA 264
5 SextansB 265
6 NGC 3109 265
7 PN in Fornax 265
References 266
Planetary Nebula Abundances in NGC 5128 with VLT FORS 267
1 Introduction 267
2 Observations 268
3 Spectra and Abundances 268
4 PN and Stellar Abundances 269
References 271
Part VII PNe as Kinematic Probes of Galaxies 272
Galaxy Dynamics and the PNe Population 273
1 Spiral Galaxies 273
2 Elliptical Galaxies 273
3 Kinematic Tracers 275
4 Planetary Nebulae 276
5 Obtaining Extragalactic PN Velocities 277
6 Slitless Spectroscopy and CDI 277
7 The PN.Spectrograph 278
8 The Accuracy of PNe Radial Velocities 279
9 Future Trends 280
10 Acknowledgements 283
References 284
Mapping the Stellar Dynamics of M31 285
1 Introduction 285
2 Rotation 286
3 PNe in Halo Structures 287
4 Substructure in the Velocity Field 288
5 Conclusion 289
References 289
A Keck/Deimos Survey of Red Giant Branch Stars in the Outskirts of M31 290
1 Introduction 290
2 Surveying the M31 Outer Halo with Keck/DEIMOS 292
3 Results To Date 292
4 Summary 294
References 295
Planetary Nebulae in NGC 5128 with VLT FLAMES 296
1 Introduction and Observations 296
2 Reduction and Results 296
References 297
Probing Halos with PNe: Mass and Angular Momentum in Early-Type Galaxies 298
1 Introduction 298
2 Halo Probes: PNe, GCs, and X-Rays 298
3 Mass Results 300
4 Angular Momentum Results 301
5 Summary 302
References 302
Modelling Kinematics and Dark Matter: The Halos of Elliptical Galaxies 303
1 Introduction 303
2 Planetary Nebulae as Kinematic Tracers 303
3 Angular Momentum in the Outer Parts of Ellipticals 307
4 Dynamical Analysis of Kinematic Data 308
5 The Dynamics and Dark Matter Halos 309
of Elliptical Galaxies 309
References 313
Dynamics of Rotating Elliptical Galaxies 315
1 Introduction 315
2 Method 315
3 Models 316
4 Results 317
5 Conclusions 319
References 319
Dynamics of the NGC 4636 Globular Cluster System 320
1 Introduction 320
2 The Dataset 320
3 Mass Models 321
References 321
Dynamics of the Elliptical Galaxy NGC 4697 from Integrated Light and PNe 322
1 Introduction 322
2 Data and Analysis 323
3 Model Construction 325
4 Results and Conclusion 325
References 326
Planetary Nebulae as Dynamical Tracers: Mass-to-Light-Ratio Gradients in Early-Type Galaxies 328
1 Introduction 328
2 M/L Gradients and Correlation 329
with Structural Parameters 329
3 How Do Observed M/L Gradients Compare 330
with 330
Predictions? 330
References 332
Part VIII PNe in the Intracluster Environment 333
Intracluster Planetary Nebulae as Probes of Intracluster Starlight 334
1 Introduction 334
2 History of Intracluster Planetary Nebula Research 336
3 The Spatial Distribution of the Intracluster Light 337
4 Converting IPN Densities to Luminosity Densities 339
5 Intracluster H II Regions 341
6 Intra-Group Starlight 342
7 IPN in the Coma Cluster? 342
8 The Future 343
References 344
Planetary Nebulae as Tracers of Galaxy Clusters 346
1 Properties of Di.use Light in Clusters of Galaxies 346
2 Intracluster Light in Cosmological Simulations 348
3 Planetary Nebulae as Tracers of Cluster Evolution 350
4 Spectroscopic Follow-Up 353
5 Conclusions 355
Acknowledgements 356
References 357
Planetary Nebulae as Tracers of the Intergalactic Stellar Background: A Population Synthesis Theoretical Approach 358
1 Introduction 358
2 Theoretical Fundamentals 359
3 The Luminosity-Speci.c PN Density in Galaxies: Implications for the Intergalactic Medium 361
References 362
The Survival of Planetary Nebulae in the Intracluster Medium 364
1 Summary 364
2 The Numerical Simulations 364
References 365
PART IX Prospects 366
Extragalactic Planetary Nebulae: Observational Challenges and Future Prospects 367
1 Introduction 367
2 Some Selected Questions 367
3 The Role of Technology 368
4 The Observational and Theoretical Challenges 368
5 Problems and Issues Arising from this Meeting 370
6 Collaborations and Future Prospects 370
Acknowledgements 370
Author Index 371