Modern Tools and Methods of Water Treatment for Improving Living Standards (eBook)

TABLE OF CONTENTS 6
PREFACE 10
CONTRIBUTORS 12
PART I RECENT ADVANCES IN PURIFICATION AND SPECIAL TREATMENT OF WATER AND WATER QUALITY MONITORING 18
ADVANCES IN DRINKING WATER TREATMENT IN THE UNITED STATES 20
ABSTRACT 20
INTRODUCTION 20
DRINKING WATER CONTAMINANT MANAGEMENT FRAMEWORK 21
ARSENIC IN DRINKING WATER: CASE STUDY 23
EMERGING RESEARCH 24
REFERENCES 25
DEPOSITIONAL CHARACTERISTICS OF LAKE SEDIMENTS IN CANADA AS DETERMINED BY PB-210 AND Cs-137 26
ABSTRACT 26
1. INTRODUCTION 27
2. MATERIALS AND METHODS 28
2.1. Site locations and physical characteristics of the lakes 28
2.2. Sediment collection, preparation and analysis 29
2.3. Methodology of estimating depositional characteristics of lake sediments 31
2.3. Biosensors Based on Bioluminescent Bacteria 71
3. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION 34
4. CONCLUSIONS 63
5. REFERENCES 65
BIOSENSORS FOR WATER QUALITY MONITORING 68
1. INTRODUCTION 68
2.BIOSENSORS FOR THE DETERMINATION OFTOTAL TOXICITY OF ENVIRONMENTAL CONTAMINANTS 69
3. BIOSENSORS FOR THE DETERMINATION OF GROUP SPECIFIC TOXIC SUBSTANCES AND THEIR INDIVIDUAL COMPONENTS 82
4. CONCLUSIONS 86
5. REFERENCES 86
RAPID DETECTION OF BACTERIA IN DRINKING WATER R.A. 88
ABSTRACT 88
INTRODUCTION 89
MATERIALS AND METHODS 90
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION 92
CONCLUSIONS 93
FURTHER STUDIES 94
REFERENCES 94
UTILIZATION OF MOBILE ANALYTICAL TESTS INWASTEWATER TREATMENT PLANT 96
ABSTRACT 96
INTRODUCTION 96
THEORETICAL PART 97
EXPERIMENTAL PART 98
CONCLUSIONS 102
REFERENCES 103
AN EVALUATION OF THE EFFICACY OF THE MIXED-OXIDANT SOLUTIONS PRODUCED FROM “ACTIVATEDWATER” IN COOLING TOWER BIOLOGICAL CONTROL 104
ABSTRACT 104
INTRODUCTION 105
MATERIALS AND METHODS 108
MICROBIOLOGICAL AND CHEMICAL ANALYSES 110
RESULTS 111
DISCUSSION 112
CONCLUSIONS 113
REFERENCES 114
PART II DEVELOPMENT OF MODERN TECHNOLOGIES OF SPECIAL WATER TREATMENT FOR USE IN VARIOUS AREAS OF SCIENCE, INDUSTRY AND PUBLIC HEALTH 116
FIBROID SORBENTS FOR WATER PURIFICATION 118
ABSTRACT 118
INTRODUCTION 119
MATERIALS AND METHODS 119
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION 121
CONCLUSIONS 124
REFERENCES 125
USE OF IN-SITU OXYGEN CURTAIN TECHNOLOGY IN ENHANCED BIOREMEDIATION OF GROUNDWATER 126
ABSTRACT 126
INTRODUCTION 127
iSOC™ TECHNOLOGY 127
iSOC™ ENHANCED REMEDIATION 128
iSOC™ INSTALLATION AND CONTROL 129
iSOC™ DEMO CASE STUDY 129
ELECTROCHEMICALLY-STIMULATED SORPTION AND SORPTION-MEMBRANE METHODS FOR REMOVAL OF IONIC IMPURITIES FROM WATER 132
INTRODUCTION 132
INNOVATIVE WATER PURIFICATION METHOD AND DEVICES V. Gevod, I. Reshetnyak, S. Gevod, I. Shklyarova and A. Rudenko 154
NEW INORGANIC MATERIALS AND ELECTROCHEMICALLY-STIMULATED SORPTION 137
ELECTROCHEMICALLY-STIMULATED PROCESS ON SORPTION-ACTIVE MEMBRANES 144
REFERENCES 152
INNOVATIVE WATER PURIFICATION METHOD AND DEVICES 154
ABSTRACT 154
WHAT IS THE PROBLEM? 155
HOW IS THE PROBLEM SOLVED AT PRESENT? 156
WHAT SYSTEM CAN BE CONSIDERED AS AN ALTERNATIVE? 157
DESIGN AND MODE OF OPERATION OF THE ELEMENTARY BUBBLE-FILM EXTRACTOR 159
THE RESULTS OF THE TEST OF THE ELEMENTARY BUBBLE-FILM EXTRACTOR 160
WATER PURIFIERS BASED ON BUBBLE-FILM EXTRACTION 163
SUMMARY 164
REFERENCES 166
POTENTIALITIES OF MEMBRANE OPERATIONS INWATER TREATMENTS 168
INTRODUCTION 168
MEMBRANE CONTACTORS IN THE SPARKLING WATER PROCESS 168
PRODUCTION OF WATER WITH CONTROLLED COMPOSITION USING INTEGRATED MEMBRANE SYSTEMS 171
INTEGRATED MEMBRANE SYSTEMS IN WATER DESALINATION 172
MEMBRANE CONTACTORS FORWATER PURIFICATION IN THE PETROCHEMICAL INDUSTRY 174
CONCLUSIONS 175
REFERENCES 175
WATER DISINFECTION USING SILVER AND COPPER IONS AND COLLOIDAL GOLD 176
ABSTRACT 176
INTRODUCTION 176
MATERIALS AND METHODS 177
REFERENCES 183
PART III TOOLSANDMETHODS FOR ACHIEVEMENT OF HIGH TECHNOLOGICAL PARAMETERS OF WATER PURIFICATION AND WASTEWATER TREATMENT 184
WATER SAVINGS AND REUSE IN THE TEXTILE INDUSTRY 186
ABSTRACT 186
INTRODUCTION 187
STRATEGY FORWATER SAVINGS AND REUSE IN TEXTILE WET PROCESSING 190
WATER SAVINGS BY PROCESS INTENSIFICATION 192
WATER SAVINGS AND REUSE BY PROCESS INTEGRATION 195
WATER RECLAMATION AND REUSE 200
CONCLUSIONS 204
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS 204
REFERENCES 205
BIOCIDE POLYMERS - NEW OPPORTUNITIES IN WATER TREATMENT 208
REFERENCES 212
OPTIMIZATION OF GALVANIC WASTEWATER TREATMENT PROCESSES 214
ABSTRACT 214
ELECTROPLATING ACTIVITY IN LITHUANIA 214
CLEANER PRODUCTION METHODS FOR ELECTROPLATING PROCESSES 215
EFFICIENCY OF CLEANER PRODUCTION MEASURES IN LITHUANIANGALVANIC COMPANIES 218
CASE STUDIES 219
MODERNIZATION OF THE GALVANIZATION TECHNOLOGICAL PROCESS AND THE WASTEWATER TREATMENT PLANT AT JSC “VINGRIAI” 221
REFERENCES 224
EFFICIENCY OF NITRIFICATION AND DENITRIFICATION PROCESSES INWASTE WATER TREATMENT PLANTS 226
ABSTRACT 226
INTRODUCTION 226
THEORETICAL PART 227
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION 228
CONCLUSIONS 234
REFERENCES 234
ELECTROCHEMI AL PROCESSES FOR WASTEWATER PURIFICATION UTILIZING FLUIDISED BEDS OF PARTICLES WITH DIFFERENT CONDUCTIVITY 236
ABSTRACT 236
INTRODUCTION 236
HYDRAULIC STRUCTURE OF THE FLUIDIZED BED ELECTROCHEMICAL SYSTEM 238
REACTORSWITH FLUIDIZED BEDS OF NONCONDUCTING BEADS 239
FLUIDIZED BED ELECTRODE (FBE) REACTORS 242
ELECTROCHEMICAL REACTORS WITH BEDS OF INORGANIC ION EXCHANGE MATERIALS BASED ON TI AND ZR PHOSPHATES 246
SUMMARY 249
REFERENCES 250
COLD PLASMA AS A NEW TOOL FOR PURIFICATION OFWASTEWATER 252
INTRODUCTION 252
CHEMICAL PROCESSES INWATER INDUCED BY NONEQUILIBRIUM LOW-TEMPERATURE PLASMA 253
EXPERIMENTAL RESULTS 258
REFERENCES 261
PURIFICATION OF INDUSTRIAL WATERS FROM ORGANIC COMPOUNDS AND BACTERIA 262
INTRODUCTION 262
MATERIALS AND METHODS 263
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION 265
CONCLUSIONS 268
REFERENCES 268
PART IV MANAGEMENT OF WATER RESOURCES, PLANNING, TRAINING AND EDUCATION IN WATER TREATMENT 270
INDUSTRY UNIVERSITY COOPERATION FOR POSTGRADUATE EDUCATION AND TRAINING IN THE WATER TREATMENT AREA 272
INTRODUCTION 272
HOW DOES IT WORK? 273
THE STRUCTURE OF A TYPICAL I/UCRC 274
INDICATORS OF SUCCESS 275
TRANSFER OF THE CONCEPT TONORTHERN IRELAND 276
LOCAL MODIFICATIONS TO THE NSF CONCEPT 277
LOCAL EXTENSIONS TO THE CONCEPT 278
FOCUS 279
INTERDISCIPLINARITY 279
KNOWLEDGE AND TECHNOLOGY TRANSFER 280
OWNERSHIP BY THE MEMBERS 280
EVALUATION 281
CONCLUSIONS 281
REFERENCE 281
WESTCOUNTRY RIVERS TRUST UNITED KINGDOM: A PIONEERING PROGRAMME FOR RESTORATION AND REGENERATION OF MAJOR RIVER BASINS 282
INTRODUCTION 282
TAMAR 2000 SUPPORT PROJECT 283
OUTCOMES 291
ASSOCIATION OF RIVERS TRUSTS – “ART” 293
CENTRE OF EXCELLENCE 294
SUMMARY 295
RECENT DEVELOPMENTS IN WASTEWATER TREATMENT IN CONSTRUCTED WETLANDS IN POLAND 296
ABSTRACT 296
INTRODUCTION 296
METHODS 297
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION 300
CONCLUSIONS 309
REFERENCES 310
WATER AND PUBLIC HEALTH: LEGISLATION AS A TOOL FOR IMPROVING LIVING STANDARDS 312
ABSTRACT 312
WATER FOR HUMAN USE 313
WATER MANAGEMENT 315
WATER QUALITY MANAGEMENT IN CROATIA 316
RECENT TRENDS 320
CONCLUSIONS 321
REFERENCES 322
THE NATIONAL PROGRAMME FOR CONSTRUCTION OF URBANWASTEWATER TREATMENT PLANTS IN THE REPUBLICOF BULGARIA 324
ABSTRACT 324
INTRODUCTION 325
IMPLEMENTATION OF THE EU LEGISLATION CONCERNING WATER PROTECTION AND WATER QUALITY MANAGEMENT1 325
CONCLUSIONS 330
NOTES 331
REFERENCES 331
WATER POLLUTION PREVENTION ACTIONS IN ROMANIAN INDUSTRY 332
ABSTRACT 332
INTRODUCTION 332
METALLURGICAL INDUSTRY 333
AGRICULTURAL USE OF ANIMAL MANURE 334
OIL STORAGE AT OIL TERMINAL CONSTANTA 336
USINGWASTE AS RAW MATERIAL FOR RARE METALS RECOVERY 340
REFERENCES 340
SURFACE LIPID COMPOSITION OF TWO EMERGENTWATER PLANTS USED IN CONSTRUCTEDWETLANDS 342
ABSTRACT 342
INTRODUCTION 342
METHODS 343
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION 344
CONCLUSIONS 346
REFERENCES 346
SUBJECT INDEX 348

WATER MANAGEMENT (p.298-299)

Management in the field of water and water quality is tightly connected to the economic and social sustainability of the state. Traditionally, water management has been based on the "command and control" approach. It represents a system of laws, directives, standards, norms or codes that usually prescribe the way of behaviour in a "top down" manner. This approach is suitable for the big water projects and point sources of pollution, but it has certain restrictions when it comes to the control of diffuse sources, source abatement or cleaner production (Harremoes 2002, Harremoes et al. 2002). Therefore, new economic instruments have been developed in the form of taxes, levies or subsidies (Middleton and Saunders 1997).

There is an ongoing debate on the privatisation of public waterworks and resources. Although the pricing is needed to lower the consumption and classify different users (such as industry or agriculture), there are strong warnings of the dangers that would accompany that process. However, in order to implement those rules, consensus or general acceptance by the community and consumers is needed. A consensual approach along with an ethical approach has been developing recently, supported by the extension of the ethical concept to mutual relations of humans, all animals, the whole environment, the earth and the universe (Harremoes 2002). Not long ago, the issues of environmental pollution were just outside of the moral community rules. Today, we know that an ethical approach in regulation is necessary for the long-term prospects. The only problem is that changes in ethics, behaviour or motivations are slow, while the driving forces and pressures on the environment are changing rapidly. Thus, "command and control" or "economic instruments" with short time constants are more appropriate for quick reaction.

Public Health Relevance

Here, we will limit our description to analysis of the most common method of water quality management, i.e., the "command and control" approach. It is based on the guidelines proposed by the World Health Organization (WHO) and adopted in most countries in the world. The WHO guidelines for drinking water quality are primarily aimed at protection of public health by determining the number of pollutants as health risk factors.

The guidelines are intended to be used as a basis for the development of national standards. If properly implemented, they will ensure the safety of drinking water supplies through elimination or reduction to a minimal concentration of constituents of water that are known as hazardous to health (or as a risk to health) (WHO 1993, 1996, 1997, 1998). It must be emphasized that the recommended guideline values are not mandatory. Their definition could take into consideration local or national environmental, economic, social, and other conditions. In developing the guideline values for potentially hazardous chemicals a daily per capita consumption of 2 litres of water by a person weighing 60 kg was generally assumed (WHO 1996, 1997, Gleick 1996).

It can be said that this assumption is overestimated to be on the safe side; nevertheless precaution is needed due to the different climatic factors and greater sensitivity of infants and children. There are two principal sources of information on the effects caused by exposure to chemicals that can be used in deriving guideline values. The first one originates from studies on human populations, and the second one, which is used more often, comes from toxicity studies on laboratory animals. Such studies could be biased owing to the relatively small number of animals used and the relatively high doses administrated.