Science and Golf III

Martin R. Farrally is the director of the World Scientific Congress of Golf Trust. He was the director of the 1990 and 1994 World Scientific Congress of Golf. Mr. Farrally is a senior lecturer in sports science at the University of St. Andrews. The author of two books for the National Coaching Foundation, he was coeditor of Science of Golf II. Mr. Farrally is a member of the British Association of Sport and Exercise Sciences and the British Association of Sports Medicine. Alastair J. Cochran, for 15 years the technical advisor to the Royal and Ancient Golf Club of St. Andrews, is a part-time consultant on golf. He has been involved in the study of golf science for nearly 40 years. The editor of Science and Golf I and Golf the Scientific Way, he also was coeditor of Science and Golf II. Mr. Cochran served as director of the first comprehensive study of golf, held in the early 1960s, and was cowriter of the book, The Search for the Perfect Swing.

" Sponsors and PatronsAuthors' Names and AddressesPrefacePart I. The GolferChapter 1. A Three-Link Mathematical Model of the Golf SwingA.B. Turner & N.J. HillsChapter 2. A Mathematical Swing Model for a Long-Driving ChampionM.G. Reyes & A. MittendorfChapter 3. A Kinetic Analysis of the Knees During a Golf SwingC.J. Gatt, Jr; M.J. Pavol; R.D. Parker, & M.D. GrabinerChapter 4. Golf Swing and SkillK. Watanabe; S. Kuroki; M. Hokari, & S. NishizawaChapter 5. A Kinematic Analysis of Foot Force Exerted on Soles During the Golf Swing Among Skilled and Unskilled GolfersK. Kawashima; T. Meshizuka, & S. TakeshitaChapter 6. The Effects of Proprioceptive Neuromuscular Facilitation Flexibility on the Clubhead Speed of Recreational GolfersD. JonesChapter 7. Golf: Exercise for Fitness and HealthG. MagnussonChapter 8. Physiological Profiling and Physical Conditioning for Elite GolfersH.M. LennonChapter 9. Golf Injuries in ScotlandM.J. McNicholas; A. Nielsen, & R.P. Knill-JonesChapter 10. The Epidemiology of Golf Injuries in Victoria, Australia: Evidence From Sports Medicine Clinics and Emergency Department PresentationsC. Finch; C. Sherman, & T. JamesChapter 11. Low Back Injury in Elite and Professional Golfers: An Epidemiologic and Radiographic StudyH. Sugaya; A. Tschiya; H. Moriya; D.A. Margan, & S.A. BanksChapter 12. Back Pain Among Junior GolfersR.J. Leigh & D.B. YoungChapter 13. A Multidisciplinary Approach to Performance Enhancement in the Aging Golfer: A Preliminary StudyN. Haller, D. Haller, D. Herbert, & T. WhalenChapter 14. Psychomotor Disability in the Golf Swing: Case Study of an Aging GolferP.R. ThomasChapter 15. A Small-Scale Local Survey of Age-Related Male Golfing AbilityJ. LockwoodChapter 16. The Influence of Age on Lumbar Mechanics During the Golf SwingD.Morgan, H. Sugaya, S. Banks, H. Moriya, & F. CookChapter 17. The Effects of Age on the Performance of Professional GolfersS.M. Berry & P.D. LarkeyChapter 18. An Overview of Psychological Techniques Used for Performance Enhancement in GolfB.Y.B. LeeChapter 19. Stress Responses and Performance in Intercollegiate GolfersG.S. Krahenbuhl, J. Harris, J. Stern, D.J. Crews, & N. HubalikChapter 20. Goal Orientations and State Goals: Research in Golf and Implications for PerformanceK. Kingston & A. SwainChapter 21. Psychophysiological Indicators of Confidence and Habituation During Golf PuttingD.J. Crews, R. Lutz, P. Nilsson, & L. MarriottChapter 22. Using ""Swing Thoughts"" to Prevent Paradoxical Performance Effects in Golf PuttingR. Jackson & R.J. WillsonChapter 23. Attentional Interference as Motor Program Retrieval or as Available Resources and the Effects on Putting PerformanceN. AnthonyChapter 24. Peak Putting Performance: Psychological Skills and Strategies Utilized by PGA Tour GolfersP. BeauchampChapter 25. Senior Women of Lower and Higher Golf Handicaps: Factors Predicting Golf ScoresK.T. ThomasChapter 26. Senior Women With Lower and Higher Golf Handicaps: How Psychological and Physical Characteristics Relate to PerformanceJ.R. Thomas & K.T. ThomasChapter 27. Who Chokes and When? Situational and Dispositional Factors in Failure Under PressureD.E. Linder, R. Lutz, D. Crews, & M. LochbaumChapter 28. Superstitious and Routine Behaviours in Male and Female Golfers of Varying Levels of AbilityV.C. Melvin & M.A. GrealyChapter 29. Match Play and Stroke Play Myths: Do Elite Amateur Golfers Play the Course or the Person?V.J. AitkenChapter 30. The Effects of Traditional and Learning-Centred Golf Instruction on Skill Development and Attitudes Toward GolfR. LutzChapter 31. Mathemagenic Behaviours of Golfers: Historical and Contemporary PerspectivesR. CoopChapter 32. Teaching and Sustaining the Child PlayerP.M. DonnellyChapter 33. Psychological and Psychomotor Approach to the Development of Junior GolfersW. Ellis, R. Filyer, & D. WilsonChapter 34. Variable and Constant Practice: Ideas for Successful PuttingM. Guadagnoli & W. HolcombChapter 35. The Routines and Rituals of Expert Golf InstructionK. Baker, P.G. Schempp, B. Hardin, & B. ClarkChapter 36. The Antecedents of Expertise in Golf InstructionP.G. Schempp, J.A. You, & B. ClarkChapter 37. The Knowledge Acquisition of Expert Golf InstructorsP.G. Schempp, C. Templeton, & B. ClarkChapter 38. Irish Golf Club Professionals: A Training Needs AnalysisE.P. Young, J. Granaghan, & E.S. WallaceChapter 39. Expansion of Golf Education Programs and Protection of Professional Golf AssociationsD.H. ZakusChapter 40. Skirting the Issue: Women, Gender, and Sexuality in the Golfing WorldM. Haig-MuirChapter 41. Behind the Image: Class and Gender in the World of GolfJ.E. SenyardChapter 42. The Americanization of Golf: 1888-1914G.B. KirschChapter 43. Joe Kirkwood, Orientalism, and the Globalisation of GolfB. StoddartChapter 44. Golf and Italian FascismR.J.B. BosworthChapter 45. Indications of Performance Momentum in Competitive Golf: An Exploratory StudyL.M. Landsberger & P.H. BeauchampChapter 46. Hole Size, Luck, and the Cruelty of Putting: A Thought Experiment on the Impact of Quantization in GolfL.M. LandsbergerChapter 47. Yardage Rating by the CurveF. ScheidChapter 48. All Around ImprovementsP. Larkey & A.A. SmithChapter 49. A Bivariate Probability Model for Putting ProficiencyD. Tierney & R.H. CoopChapter 50. Analysis of Performance in the Open Championship 1892-1997T. Hale & G.T. HalePart II. EquipmentChapter 51. History and Construction of Non-wound Golf BallsR.D. Nesbitt, M.J. Sullivan, & T. MelvinChapter 52. The Curious Persistence of the Wound BallJ. DaltonChapter 53. The Effects of Golf Ball Construction on PuttingL.D. Lemons, M.B. Stanczak, & D. BeasleyChapter 54. Mechanical Interaction of the Golf Ball With Putting GreensM. Hubbard & L.W. AlawaysChapter 55. Observations on the Wake Characteristics of Spinning Golf BallsM.B. Stanczak, L.D. Lemons, D.E. Beasley, & J.A. LiburdyChapter 56. Flow Characteristics of a Golf Ball Using Visualization TechniquesK. Aoki, Y. Nakayama, T. Hayasida, N. Yamaguti, & M. SugiuraChapter 57. The ""Row Effect"" Anomaly in the 336 Octahedron Dimple PatternS. AoyamaChapter 58. Golf Ball Spin Decay Model Based on Radar MeasurementsG. Tavares, K. Shannon, & T. MelvinChapter 59. Use of Finite Element Analysis in Design of Multilayer Golf BallsG. Tavares, M. Sullivan, & D. NesbittChapter 60. Methods for Developing New Polymers for Golf Ball CoversR.J. Statz & J.F. HagmanChapter 61. Club Face Flexibility and Coefficient of RestitutionA.J. CochranChapter 62. Golf Ball Rebound EnhancementS. Johnson & J.E. HubbellChapter 63. Optimum Design of Golf Club Considering the Mechanical Impedance MatchingT. Yamaguchi & T. IwatsuboChapter 64. Experimental Determination of Golf Ball Coefficients of Sliding FrictionE.A. EkstromChapter 65. Experimental Study of Golf Ball Oblique ImpactS. Johnson & E.A. EkstromChapter 66. Computational and Experimental Analysis of the Golf ImpactA. Hocknell, R. Jones, & S.J. RothbergB. Chapter 67. The Initial Trajectory Plane After Ball ImpactK. Miura & F. SatoChapter 68. Clubhead Speed and Driving Distance: 1938 Vs. 1998R. StewartChapter 69. Golf Club and Ball Fitting Using Launch Condition MeasurementsD.C. WinfieldChapter 70. A Study of Clubhead Speed as a Function of Grip Speed for a Variety of Shaft FlexibilityT. Miao, M. Watari, M. Kawaguchi, & M. IkedaChapter 71. Does It Matter What Driver You Use?T. Hale, P. Bunyan, & S. SquiresChapter 72. Ground Reaction Forces in Regular-Spike and Alternative-Spike Golf ShoesK.R. Williams & B.L. SihChapter 73. The Effects of Golf Shoe Tread Types on Putting Green QualityG. Hamilton, J.S. Gregos, D.S. Sinkus, L.P. Tredway, & A.E. GoverPart III: The Golf CourseChapter 74. Scientific Approach to Golf Course DesignM. HurdzanChapter 75. An Architect's Name-What's It Worth?M. JudgeChapter 76. Golf Course Provision, Usage, and Revenues in ScotlandR.J. PriceChapter 77. Golf Tourism: Measurement and MarketingM.G. WilliamsonChapter 78. Golf Course Development in Japan II: Business in the Period of DepressionS. Takeshita, T. Meshizuka, K. Kawashima, & H. ZaitsuChapter 79. Closing the U.S. Golf Facility Supply Gap: A Geographic Analysis of Metropolitan Change, 1988-1997J.F. Rooney, G.A. Finchum, & H. WhiteChapter 80. The Home of Golf: the Role of St. Andrews in Scottish Golf TourismS. Lawther & M.G. WilliamsonChapter 81. Organic Amendments for Sand-Dominated Golf Green RootzonesA. Cook & S.W. BakerChapter 82. Effect of Plant Growth Regulators on Suppression of Poa Annua Ssp. Reptans in a Creeping Bentgrass Putting GreenA.H. Bruneau, F.H. Yelverton, J. Isgrigg, & T.W. RuftyChapter 83. Comparative Assessments of Turf Characteristics and Stress Resistance for Three Cynodon Hybrids Used on Putting GreensJ.B. Beard & S.I. SifersChapter 84. Water Release Curve Evaluation of Golf Green Construction Materials and Field-Collected SamplesD.K. Otto, C.R. Dixon, & S.B. McWilliamsChapter 85. Agrostis Cultivar Characterizations for Closely Mowed Putting Greens in a Mediterranean ClimateP. Croce, M. Mocioni, & J.B. BeardChapter 86. Long-Term Differences in Thatch Development, Soil Bulk Density, and Water Infiltration in Bentgrass Fairway Turf Related to Core Aerification Methods and IntensityS.E. Brauen, W.J. Johnston, & R.L. GossChapter 87. Relative Effectiveness of Soil Acidification and Pesticide Application as Methods of Control Earthworm Casting on Golf CoursesS.W. Baker, D.J. Binns, & A. CookChapter 88. Preliminary Assessment of the Effects of Golf Course Pesticides on GolfersM. KennaChapter 89. Dynamics of Heathland Conservation on a Golf CourseA.C. GangeChapter 90. The Importance of Environmental Management for GolfD. StubbsChapter 91. The Passion for Green: Experimental Insights Into the Power of Golf's Primary Color Over the Mind of the American GolferJ.R. HansenChapter 92. The Role of Golf Clubs in the Conservation of Scotland's Natural and Cultural HeritageJ.A. SmithIndex "