Human Biology

Sara Stinson is Professor of Anthropology at Queens College and the Graduate Center, City University of New York. The main focus of her research is on factors that lead to variation in growth among living human populations. She currently serves as Editor of the Yearbook of Physical Anthropology. Barry Bogin is Professor of Anthropology at the University of Michigan, Dearborn. His research interests are in social and cultural factors affecting human growth and the evolution of the human growth pattern. Among his publications are The Growth of Humanity (2001, Wiley) and Patterns of Human Growth (second edition, 1999, Cambridge University Press). Dennis O'Rourke is Professor of Anthropology at the University of Utah. His research focuses on population and evolutionary genetics, ancient DNA, and genetic epidemiology. He served as editor of Human Biology from 1999-2003.

PREFACE vii CONTRIBUTORS ix PART I INTRODUCTION 1 1. Human Biology: An Evolutionary and Biocultural Perspective 3 Sara Stinson, Barry Bogin, Dennis O'Rourke, and Rebecca Huss-Ashmore 2. History of Human Biology in the United States of America 23 Francis E. Johnston and Michael A. Little PART II HEREDITY AND PATTERNED HUMAN VARIATION 51 3. An Introduction to Genetics 53 Mark L. Weiss and Justin Tackney 4. Genetics, Geography, and Human Variation 99 Dennis O'Rourke and Jake Enk 5. Quantitative Variation and Genetics 143 Lyle W. Konigsberg PART III HUMAN ADAPTABILITY 175 6. Human Adaptation to Climate: Temperature, Ultraviolet Radiation, and Altitude 177 Cynthia M. Beall, Nina G. Jablonski, and A. Theodore Steegmann, Jr. 7. Human Nutritional Evolution 251 William R. Leonard 8. Human Energetics 325 J. Josh Snodgrass PART IV HUMAN BIOLOGY AND HEALTH 385 9. The Epidemiology of Human Disease 387 Lisa Sattenspiel and Karen Slonim 10. Stress and Human Biology 459 Gillian H. Ice and Gary D. James PART V THE HUMAN LIFE COURSE 513 11. Evolution of the Human Life Cycle 515 Barry Bogin and B. Holly Smith 12. Growth Variation: Biological and Cultural Factors 587 Sara Stinson 13. Aging, Senescence, and Human Variation 637 Douglas E. Crews and Gillian H. Ice PART VI POPULATION DYNAMICS 693 14. Demography Part 1: Mortality and Migration 695 Timothy B. Gage, Sharon N. DeWitte, and James W. Wood 15. Demography Part 2: Population Growth and Fertility Regulation 757 Peter T. Ellison, Barry Bogin, and Mary T. O'Rourke GLOSSARY 805 INDEX 833